Expressing positive and negative permission'

1
JPN 105 Lesson 4 Topics

• Expressing positive and negative permission.
• Expressing prohibition.
• Expressing obligation.
• Relating ideas in the form of rumors.
• Expressing past experience.
• Expressing immediate proximity in time.
• Enumerating days of the month.

2
Permissive Form

• Permissive forms may be used with
• adjectivals
• verbs

3
Positive Permissive Form

• The positive permissive form is created by adding
  mo ii to the conjunctive verb (-te) form or the
  connective (kute) form of an adjective
• nomu ? nonde mo ii (desu) you may drink
• miru ? mite mo ii (desu) you may look
• takai ? takakute mo ii (desu) (even if it is)
  expensive, (it) is OK
• yasui ? yasukute mo ii (desu) (even if it is)
  cheap, (it) is OK

4
Negative Permissive Form

• The negative permissive form is created by adding
  anakute mo ii to the stem of u-dropping
  verbs, nakute mo ii to the stem of ru-dropping
  verbs or nakute mo ii to the ku form of an
  adjectival
• nomu ? nomanakute mo ii desu you need not
  drink
• miru ? minakute mo ii desu you need not look
  
• takai ? takakunakute mo ii desu (even if it is)
  not expensive (is) OK
• yasui ? yasukunakute mo ii desu (even if it is)
  not expensive (is) OK)

5
Prohibition

• There are two forms of prohibitionboth are
  commonly used
• te wa ikemasen
• te wa dame desu

6
-te wa ikemasen form of Prohibition

• The idea of must not is created by adding wa
  ikemasen (or wa ikenai) to the te verb form or
  kute form of an adjectival
• taberu ? tabete wa ikemasen to eat will not
  do, or to eat is prohibited (You must not
  eat)
• taberu ? tabenakute wa ikemasen to not eat will
  not do (You must eat)
• akai ? akakute wa ikemasen (it must not be red)

7
-te wa dame desu form of Prohibition

• Almost the same construction as te wa ikemasen,
  but more blunt. Created by adding wa dame desu
  to the -te verb form or kute form of an
  adjectival
• tabete wa dame desu (to eat is bad)
• tabenakute wa dame desu (to not eat is bad)
• yasukute wa dame desu (to be cheap is bad)
• yasunakute wa dame desu (to be not cheap is bad)

8
Form of Obligation

• There are two forms expressing obligation
• beki
• nakereba naranai
• hazu (shown in textbook) is covered in Lesson 6

9
beki Form of Obligation

• Adding beki to the dictionary form of a verb
  creates statements translated by should
  (obligation) or ought to
• motto benkyoo suru beki desu
• (you should study more)
• ii tabemono o taberu beki de wa nai
• (You should not eat good food)

10
nakereba naranai Form of Obligation

• The most forceful form of obligation is created
  by adding nakereba narimasen to the verb stem
• suru ? shinakereba narimasen
• If you dont do it, it will not do
• (You must do it)
• miru ? minakereba narimasen
• (You must look at it)
• mainichi benkyoo shinakereba narimasen
• (You must study everyday)

11
Rumor and Appearance (so desu)

• Adding soo desu to various forms of verbs and
  adjectives creates
• Rumor and reported speech
• Appearance

12
Rumor/Reported Speech (--so desu)

• Rumor (or reported speech) is expressed by adding
  so desu to various forms of verbs
• To dictionary form of a verb
• Yuki ga furu so desu. (They say it will snow.)
• (I hear it is going to snow)
• With an adjectival
• Tsuyoi so desu. (I hear it is strong.)
• With a na-adjectival
• Shizuka da so desu. (I hear it is quiet.)
• Taikutsu da so deshita. (You looked bored).

13
Appearance (-so desu)

• When so desu is added to the gerund form of verbs
  or the stem of adjectives the meaning is changed
  to appearance (it looks like . . .)
• After gerund form of verbs
• Yuki ga furi so desu. (It looks like snow.)
• Sakana o tabe soo desu. (It looks like he will
  eat fish)
• After naadjectives (note da is not used)
• Shizuka so desu. (It appears quiet.)
• Taikutsu so desu. (It looks boring.)
• After true adjectivals
• Tsuyo so desu. (It appears strong.)
• Haya so desu. (It looks fast.)
• Yasu so desu (It looks inexpensive.

14
Relating Past Experience (koto ga arimasu)

• koto ga arimasu is used to express occasion
  when, have done, or had an experience that
• After dictionary form of verb
• Kanojo to hanasu koto ga arimasu ka.
• Do you (have occasion to) talk to her?
• After plain past (-ta form) of verb
• Hokkaidoo e itta koto ga arimasu ka.
• Have you ever been to Hokkaido?
• After the plain present negative (-nai) form of
  verb
• Tama ni shokuji o tabenai koto ga arimasu.
• There are times when I dont eat a meal.

15
Relating Information of Immediate Proximity in
Time (bakari desu)

• bakari is a particle meaning only, just, always,
  be ready to (do), have just (done), about
• After te iru/-te aru form of verb
• Kare wa asonde bakari iru.
• He is always playing.
• After dictionary form of verb da/desu
• Kare wa itsumo taberu bakari desu.
• He is always ready to eat.
• After plain past (-ta form) of verb da/desu
• Ima koko ni tsuita bakari desu.
• I have just arrived here.

16
Proximity in Time (bakari desu) Continued

• After a noun
• Kare wa benkyo bakari shite iru.
• He is always studying.
• After a particle
• Kanojo wa toshokan ni bakari ikimasu.
• She always goes to the library.
• After a noun expressing length or quantity
• Isshukan bakari rusu ni shimasu.
• Ill be away about a week.
• Nijikan bakari benkyo shimasu.
• Ill study for about two hours.

17
Expressing Days of the Month

• Most of the days of the month are regular in
  their use of the Chinese counting system there
  are differences in the first ten days
• tsuitachi 1st (day of month) muika 6th
• futsuka 2nd nanoka 7th
• mikka 3rd yoka 8th
• yokka 4th kokonoka 9th
• itsuka 5th toka 10th

18
Expressing Days of the Month - Continued

• The 14th, 20th and 24th days take different
  forms
• juyokka - 14th day of the month
• hatsuka - 20th day of the month
• ni-ju-yokka - 24th day of the month
• All the other days are regular
• ju-ichi-nichi, ni-ju-hachi-nichi

19
Counting Days

• With the exception of one day which is
  ichi-nichi, the first ten days of the month are
  also the words for counting number of days
• ichinichi - one day
• futsuka - two days
• mikka - three days
• yokka - four days
• itsuka - five days
• muika - six days
• nanoka - seven days
• yoka - eight days
• kokonoka - nine days
• toka - ten days