Ch 5 Macromolecules

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The two enantiomers of Thalidomide can and do
interact metabolically different. In the case of
Thalidomide, it was discovered that only one of
the two enantiomeric forms was responsible for
the mutagenic effects seen.
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Chapter 5 The Structure and Function of
Macromolecules

• Polymers carbohydrates lipids proteins
  nucleic acids
• Their structures, sources, uses

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Polymers

• polys (many) meris (parts)
• Built of monomers (single units)
• monosaccharides
• Amino acids
• Nucleotides

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• Condensation (Dehydration) reaction builds
  polymers (ex. on next slide) a water molecule is
  made(-H) (-OH) from the site where to
  two bond.
• Hydrolysis breaks polymers are disassembled
  hydro (water) lysis (break) water is broken
  (-H) (-OH) to fill the gaps left when the
  two parts separate
• See fig. 5.2

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• FIG 5.2

Condensation builds longer molecules, H2O
results Hydrolysis breaks H2O bonds, shortens
molecules
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Carbohydrates

• mono-, di-, and polysaccharides
• CH2O (basic formula)
• Carbonyl group (CO) Aldose vs Ketose
• Glucose, galactose, and fructose (isomers), see
  next slide
• Bodys uses cellular respiration fuel, building
  blocks
• Glycosidic linkage (the bond between
  monosaccharides to make di- and polysaccharides)
  (condensation)

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• Monosaccharides, Structural Isomers, (Aldoses,
  Ketoses)

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Carbos. contd

• Polysac-charides
• Starch,glycogen, cellulose (cows), chitin, fungi
  
• See alsoFig 5.6

Starch and cellulose Fig 5.7 NAME SOME COMMON
SOURCES OF CARBOS IN OUR DIET
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I Love Carbs!

• www.dietsearch.com/pasta/

http//www.oneworld.net/penguin/ food/food1.html
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• Disaccharide condensation (dehydration)
• Glycosidic linkages
• Sucrose glucose fructose

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Lipids

• Hydrophobic water fearing
• Mainly hydrocarbons
• waxes, pigments, steroids, fats, phospholipids

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Lipids FATS

• Typical Fats glycerol head and 3 fatty acid
  tails Fig5.10
• Uses High energy storage (long term fuel),
  cushions the bodys organs, protection,
  insulation
• Atherosclerosis, arterio., adipose cells
• Saturated v. unsaturated ?
• hydrogenated vegetable oils ?
  http//www.mercola.com/2001/aug/1/oil.htm

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Lipids Phospholipids

• Only 2 fatty acid tails and 1 phosphate group
  (negatively charged)
• Tails are hydrophobic, phosphates are hydrophilic
  (water loving)
• micelle, phospholipid bilayer
• Selective Cell membranes, brain tissue

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Phospholipid (cell membranes)
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Lipids Steroids
cholesterol

• Four fused rings (see fig 5.14)
• Cholesterol (fig 4.8) and sex hormones
• not made of polymers ! these are single
  units composed of 4 rings, they cannot be broken
  into smaller units.

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Proteins (peptides)

• Proteios (first place)
• For Structural support, transport, signaling in
  the body, movement and defense against foreign
  substances, enzymes
• 20 amino acids, polypeptide chains
• Fig 5.15, amino group, carboxyl group
• Peptide bonds (condensation reaction) to build
  proteins

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Peptide bonds condensation
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• http//merlin.mbcr.bcm.tmc.edu8001/bcd/ForAll/Med
  ia/1c2r.gif

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• http//abc.net.au/science/slab/genome2001/img/prot
  ein.jpg

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• http//www.expasy.ch/swissmod/gifs/GenomeResearchC
  overSmall.gif

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http//gcg.tran.wau.nl/ccmv-overview/ccmv-icosa-pe
nta-hexa.jpeg
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4 Levels of Protein Configuration

• 1. Primary sequence of amino acids, as
  determined by DNAinsulin, sickle cell anemia
  evolution
• 2. Secondary coils and/or folds, alpha helix,
  pleated sheets, due to Hydrogen Bonds

Important AP test concept!
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Protein folding continued

• 3. Tertiary irregular contortions, bonding
  side chains (R-groups), hydrophobic interaction,
  van der Waals forces, Di-Sulfide bridges
  (sulfahydryl group on cysteine)

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Tertiary
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9 non-polar amino acids note the hydrocarbon
groups
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Tertiary
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• 4. Quaternary (not all proteins have the 4th
  level of organization) overall structure that
  results from the aggregation of polypeptide
  units. Hooking more than one chain of
  polypeptides together (ex hemoglobin, 4 parts)

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Collagen and Hemoglobin
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Proteins continued

• Specific environmental needs pH, salt
  concentration, temperature, other environmental
  aspects (well see with enzymes - Ch.6)
• Denaturation re-folding is sometimes possible
• Chaperone proteins

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REVIEW
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Denaturation then refolding (sometimes)
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Nucleic acids

• DNA (cell division) double helix-1953
• RNA (protein synthesis) (ribosomes)
• Genes
• Know Figure 5.26, 5.27 !!
• What is a Nucleotide? phosphate
  (negatively charged) sugar R(ribose,
  deoxyribose) base (pyrimidines C,T,U or
  purines A,G)
• DNA as tape measures of evolution (Table 5.2)

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Protein Synthesis
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A few different movies with this chapter on the
CD Rom
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Steroid example cholesterol