In Vitro Breeding

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In Vitro Breeding

• Anne Richards
• Kassidy Scally
• Marcy Fell
• Charlotte Clausen

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Discussion Topics

• Anne- History of In Vitro Breeding
• Kassidy- In Vitro Production in Livestock
• Marcy- The Pros and Cons and Ethical Issues of
  In Vitro Breeding
• Charlotte- In Vitro Breeding Uses in humans,
  risks, success rates and costs

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History of In Vitro Breeding

• Robert Edwards, a Ph.D. physiologist, and Patrick
  Steptoe, a gynecologist, pioneered IVF (In Vitro
  Fertilization) in Great Britain during the 1970's
• 1960-1967 Edwards spent working with bits of
  human ovaries removed at surgery and had achieved
  the first fertilization of a human egg outside
  the body in 1967
• 1960-1967 Steptoe was helping to develop the new
  surgical technique of laparoscopy (a modern
  surgical technique in which operations in the
  abdomen are performed through small incisions as
  compared to larger incisions needed in
  traditional surgical procedures.)
• 1971 The two collaborated efforts

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History continued

• Initially they retrieved eggs from the ovaries of
  volunteers by laparoscopy and focused on
  improving the timing of egg retrieval and
  in-vitro culture conditions
• Mid 1970s they began to attempt pregnancies
• 1976 The initial pregnancies were a failure
  because they were tubal pregnancy (ectopic)
• Louise Brown, was born in July 1978, the first In
  Vitro Fertilized child

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Louise Joy Brown

• Lesley and John Brown were a young couple from
  Bristol who had been unable to conceive for nine
  years
• Lesley Brown had blocked Fallopian tubes
• Doctors referred her to Robert Edwards and in
  turn an experimental trail of In Vitro was tried
  in 1977
• Using a long, slender, self-lit probe called a
  "laparoscope," Dr. Steptoe took an egg from one
  of Lesley Brown's ovaries and handed it to Dr.
  Edwards.
• Dr. Edwards mixed Lesley's egg with John's
  sperm.
• After the egg was fertilized, Dr. Edwards placed
  it into a special solution that had been created
  to nurture the egg as it began to divide.

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Louise Joy Brow Continued

• Previously, Drs. Steptoe and Edwards had waited
  until the fertilized egg had divided into 64
  cells (about four or five days later). This time,
  however, they decided to place the fertilized egg
  back into Lesley's uterus after just two and a
  half days.
• The fertilized egg successfully embedded into her
  uterus wall.
• The pregnancy went well up until the last week
  before the childs due date when Lesley developed
  high blood pressure
• Due to the high blood pressure the doctors
  delivered the baby early by cesarean section.
• At 1147 p.m. on July 25, 1978, a five-pound
  12-ounce baby girl was born. Louise Joy Brown

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Past Failures and Present Progress

• Two Australian groups were only two years behind
  in achieving IVF pregnancies
• 1980s, 20-25 attempted IVF for women under the
  age of 40 were successful by the end of the
  decade
• For women 35 years of age and older, a technique
  called Assisted Hatching and the ability to grow
  embryos longer (3 to 5 days before transfer) have
  helped improve the odds.
• Also, the process of egg donation (IVF using
  eggs donated by a younger woman) was perfected,
  producing high pregnancy rates in previously
  hopeless situations.
• Today The miscarriage rate after in vitro
  fertilization appears to be the same as in
  nature, approximately 15-25. Where the maternal
  age is 40 or greater, the miscarriage rate
  appears to be higher.
• Today In Vitro Fertilization allows thousands of
  people to have
• children that prior they could not physically
  have

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Sources Cited

• http//www.wisconsinfertility.com/education/ivf/hi
  story-of-ivf.html
• http//www.reproduction-online.org/cgi/content/abs
  tract/124/2/181
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IVF
• http//www.tylermedicalclinic.com/aboutus.html
• http//readingeagle.com/article.aspx?id120712
• http//history1900s.about.com/od/medicaladvancesis
  sues/a/testtubebaby.htm

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In Vitro Breeding in LivestockBy Kassidy
Scally
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In Vitro Breeding in Livestock

• In Vitro means outside the animal (i.e. made in a
  laboratory or test tubes.)
• In Vivo means inside the animal
• Oocytes (eggs) are collected from ovaries of
  valuable animals.
• There are three techniques that must be used to
  produce embryos in vitro maturation, in vitro
  fertilization, and in vitro culture.
• At seven days old the embryos are transplanted
  into the recipient or frozen for later use.

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In Vitro Maturation (IVM)

• The eggs that are collected from the ovary of the
  animal are immature.
• The eggs cannot be fertilized until maturation
  takes place, this is a 24 hour process and is
  done in a salt solution that contains hormones.

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In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

• Once the egg is matured the eggs are then able to
  accept sperm and become fertilized.
• The sperm that is being used in this process must
  spend 6 to 8 hours in the reproductive tract
  before it can fertilize the egg.
• IVF heparin must be added to mature the sperm so
  that it can penetrate the egg.
• Between 2,000 and 20,000 individual sperm are
  required to fertilize each egg.

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In Vitro Culture (IVC)

• At this point the fertilized egg is placed in a
  new salt solution.
• At this time the fertilized egg is considered to
  be a zygote.
• The cells continue to divide every 12 to 24
  hours.
• By around day seven the zygote contains between
  100 to 140 cells and is ready to be transferred
  into the recipient.
• These three processes that result in the transfer
  of an embryo into livestock are is called In
  vitro production (IVP)

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In Vitro Production Continued

• The In vitro production process is very expensive
  and time consuming.
• Equipment, labor, and supplies are all needed
  through out this process.
• Labor, equipment, and supplies to isolate and
  collect the embryos
• Labor, equipment, and supplies to freeze and
  store embryos
• Labor, equipment, and supplies to transport the
  embryos is also needed, as well as travel
  expenses for personal.

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In Vitro-Breeding Process
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Why Use In Vitro Breeding

• Genetic selection and crossbreeding schemes could
  be increased greatly through strategies involving
  in vitro production. This is done through the use
  of in vitro produced embryos
• Embryos can be screened for inheritance of
  specific alleles so that genetic selection can be
  performed before pregnancy is established.
• In vitro-production is a very important tool when
  it comes to dairy cattle. Dairy cattle often
  times have problems with infertility. Which
  severally reduces the quality of the herd.
  Increases herd fertility.
• Transgenic cattle could produce milk with
  medically important proteins.
• Prised Mares are often impregnated through in
  vitro production, thus preventing any damage
  being done to the mare via stud.

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Some Problems related to In Vitro Breeding in
livestock

• High Costs
• Sub-optimal embryonic and fetal survival
• Abnormal offspring
• In an effort to improve the success of in
  vitro-production, ultra sound is now being used
  to remove oocytes through non-invasive means.
  This is however is extremely expensive
• Oocytes are often removed from slaughterhouse
  cows, this is much less expensive, and the
  genetic merit of these animals is only slightly
  less than an average cow in herd.
• In the future the use of permanent electronic
  identification will make it easier to select
  cows at slaughter with superior genetic
  production traits.

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Sources

• http//books.google.com/books?idQO-KlTSjqCUCpgP
  A323lpgPA323dqcostofinvitroproductioninl
  ivestocksourceblotsvY_FemJlhtsigygKmG048F9JW
  oKvkh5op-xU2ezchleneio_X0SaqhK5mStAPf4NjtCgsa
  Xoibook_resultctresultresnum8PPA324,M1
• http//www.google.com/search?hlenqinvitroprod
  uctioninlivestockaqfoq
• http//www.animal.ufl.edu/hansen/MSS/hansen20real
  izing20the20promis.pdf

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Quick In Vitro Breeding movie

• http//www.youtube.com/watch?vCg0CG8jF78Y

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Pros and Cons
Marcy Fell
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Pros

• Allows infertile couples to have genetically
  related children
• Embryos can be screened for genetic diseases
• Embryos not implanted in the mothers womb can
  be used for stem cell research
• Breeding can be done without damage to either
  genetic contributor in the case of livestock
  breeding

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Cons

• Its an expensive procedure
• Its difficult to control the amount of
  fertilized embryos the mother will end up with
• In animal IVF paranoid people imagine that there
  are problems with the animals or the process that
  dont actually exist
• Ethical issues

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Ethical Issues
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Human IVFPossible wrong done to the embryo

• Is an embryo considered a person at conception or
  after it has had more time to develop?

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Possible wrong done to the parents or expected
offspring by the physician

• Chance of multiple pregnancy (e.g. twins,
  triplets, quadruplets, etc.)
• Physical and Mental health of mother especially
  threatened by chance of multiple pregnancy
• Offspring from multiple pregnancy may be
  neglected
• Expenses of IVF may cause strain on parents

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Possible wrong done to resulting offspring by
parents

• Offspring of IVF have a significantly higher risk
  of some diseases because of the fertility drugs
  administered to their mothers
• Multiple birth pregnancy (common with IVF) may
  cause offspring to be neglected

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(No Transcript)
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Animal IVF Ethics

• Possible harm to the animal or the animals
  offspring through error in the IVF process
• Some people feel that it is unethical and
  playing God
• Some consumers question the safety of using
  advanced reproductive technologies such as in
  vitro production in food animals this fear
  usually comes from a poorly informed public

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Sources

• http//pedsinreview.aappublications.org/cgi/conten
  t/full/20/8/e28
• http//www.russia-ic.com/education_science/science
  /breakthrough/649/
• http//www.articlecity.com/articles/parenting/arti
  cle_1348.shtml
• http//www.adoptionarticlesdirectory.com/Article/P
  ros---Cons-of-In-Vitro-Fertilization/27033

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Human In Vitro Fertilizationby Charlotte Clausen
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Human In Vitro Fertilization

• -Eggs are fertilized by sperm outside the womb
• -IVF major treatment of infertility
• Done only if fertility medication fails
• -Test tube babies refers to the tube shape
  containers of glass

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Process of Human In Vitro Fertilization

• -Begins with administration of hormones
• -Eggs are collected and combined with sperm
• -Resulting embryos are nourished in lab
• -Embryo then inserted into womb
• -Process very controlled and involves numerous
  trips to IVF center

http//www.ivf.net.in/ivficsi/
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Risks of Human IVF

• Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome
• Ovaries can overreact to drugs used in IVF
• Hereroectopic pregnancy
• Woman becomes pregnant in womb and fallopian tube
• More likely to be premature and have other health
  issues
• Women at risk for ovarian cancer late in life
• Many people do not know these risks

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Success Rate

• Age of the woman
• Normalcy of the uterus and semen quality
• Success or failure of fertilization and cleavage
  in vitro
• Number of embryos transferred
• Adequacy of the luteal phase after transfer

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Costs related to IVF

• Each attempt runs from 12,000 to 20,000
• even if unsuccessful
• Insurance may pick up some costs

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What you have learned!

• History of IVF
• IVF in livestock
• Pros and Cons/Ethical Issues
• Human IVF- process, risks, success rate and costs

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Works Cited

• "In Vitro Fertilization Undermines Human
  Dignity." From Creation to Natural Death. 12
  October 2005. 27 Apr 2009. lthttp//www.all.org/art
  icle.php?id10166gt.
• "Tubal Ligation Reversal vs. IVF." Lakeshore
  Tubal Reversal Center. 2008 .27 Apr 2009.
  lthttp//www.pregnantagain.com/answers/tubalvsivf.p
  hp?gclidCL-m8OKvkJoCFRYiagodMDQ7LQgt.
• "In Vitro Fertilization- Success Rates." Jones
  Institute for Reproductive Medicine. 2006. 27 Apr
  2009. lthttp//www.jonesinstitute.org/ivf-success-r
  ates.htmlgt.