Title: THE INCOMPLETE RECORD OF LIFE
1CHAPTER 4
- THE INCOMPLETE RECORD OF LIFE
2FOSSIL PRESERVATION
- TYPES OF PRESERVATION
- Whole animal or plant
- Hard parts
- Permineralization
- Replacement
- Molds and casts
- Carbon imprints
- Tracks and trails
3WHOLE ANIMAL OR PLANT
MAMMOTH PRESERVED IN ICE
4HARD PARTS
MAMMOTH TOOTH
MAMMOTH BONES
5PETRIFIED WOOD
PERMINERALIZATION
6REPLACEMENT
7MOLDS AND CASTS
TRILOBITE
8MOLDS AND CASTS
GASTROPOD
9CARBON IMPRINT
FERN
10TRACKS AND TRAILS
11TRACKS AND TRAILS
12TRACKS, TRAILS AND BURROWS
13THE RANK AND ORDER OF LIFE
- Linnaean system of classification
- Concepts involved in classification
14CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN CLASSIFICATION
- SPECIES A species is a group of organisms that
have structural, functional, and developmental
similarities and that are able to interbreed and
produce fertile offspring.
15CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN CLASSIFICATION
- TAXONOMY The science of naming, describing, and
classifying organisms.
16TAXONOMY
- DOMAIN - Eucarya
- KINGDOM - Animalia
- PHYLUM - Chordata
- CLASS - Mammalia
- ORDER - Primates
- FAMILY - Hominidae
- GENUS Homo
- SPECIES -
sapiens
17FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
18ORGANIC EVOLUTION
- Lamarcks Theory of Evolution
- Darwins Theory of Natural Selection
- Mendels Principles of Inheritance
19LAMARCK
"INNER NEED"
20- Darwin's theory of evolution has four main parts
- Organisms have changed over time, and the ones
living today are different from those that lived
in the past. Furthermore, many organisms that
once lived are now extinct. The world is not
constant, but changing. The fossil record
provided ample evidence for this view. - All organisms are derived from common ancestors
by a process of branching. Over time, populations
split into different species, which are related
because they are descended from a common
ancestor. Thus, if one goes far enough back in
time, any pair of organisms has a common
ancestor. This explained the similarities of
organisms that were classified together -- they
were similar because of shared traits inherited
from their common ancestor. It also explained why
similar species tended to occur in the same
geographic region. - Change is gradual and slow, taking place over a
long time. This was supported by the fossil
record, and was consistent with the fact that no
naturalist had observed the sudden appearance of
a new species. This is now contested by a view
of episodes of rapid change and long periods of
stasis, known as punctuated equilibrium. - The mechanism of evolutionary change was natural
selection. This was the most important and
revolutionary part of Darwin's theory, and it
deserves to be considered in greater detail.
21ADAPTIVE RADIATION
NATURAL SELECTION
22DARK BARK
DARK PEPPER MOTH
23DARK PEPPER MOTH
LIGHT BARK
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25DNA MOLECULE
26REPRODUCTION AND CELL DIVISION
- MITOSIS
- MEIOSIS
- FERTILIZATION
27MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
28MUTATIONS
- ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
- COSMIC AND GAMMA RAYS
- CHEMICALS ((DRUGS)
- SPONTANEOUS
29EVOLUTION IN POPULATIONS
- A population is a group of individuals of the
same species that occupy the a given area so that
each individual has a chance to mate with
members of the opposite sex within the group.
30SPECIATION AND ADAPTIVE RADIATION
- SPECIATION No gene exchange between different
species. - ADAPTIVE RADIATION The branching of a
population to produce descendants adapted to
particular environments and living strategies.
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32EVOLUTION
- PHYLETIC GRADUALISM
- PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
33PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
PHYYLETIC GRADUALISM
34PHYLOGENY
- STRATOPHENETIC PHYLOGENY (see figure 4 16)
- CLADISTIC PHYLOGENY
- CLADOGRAM
(see figure 4 17)
35PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
PHYYLETIC GRADUALISM
STRATOPHENETIC PHYLOGENY
36CLADOGRAM
CLADISTIC PHYLOGENY
37EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
- PALEONTOLOGIC
- FOSSILS
- BIOLOGIC
- HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
- VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES
38HORSE EVOLUTION
PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
39PERMIAN CEPHALOPODS
PALEONTOLOGIC EVIDENCE
40HOMOLOGY
41VESTIGIAL ORGANS
42FOSSILS AND STRATIGRAPHY
43ESTABLISHING AGE EQUIVALENCE WITH STRATA AND
FOSSILS
44FOSSIL RANGE
PALEONTOLOGICAL CORRELATION
45RANGE CHART
46INDEX FOSSILS
- index fossil The fossil of an organism known to
have existed for a relatively short period of
time, used to date the rock in which it is found.
47ARCHIMEDES
MISSISSIPPIAN INDEX FOSSIL
48BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC ZONES
- RANGE ZONE The rock body representing the total
geologic life span of a distinct group of
organisms - ASSEMBLAGE ZONE A zone selected on the basis
of several coexisting taxa, - CONCURRENT RANGE ZONE The overlapping range of
two or more taxa.
49ASSEMBLAGE ZONE - 3 GENERA REPRESENTED
CONCURRENT RANGE ZONE
Assillina RANGE ZONE
BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC ZONES
50ECOSYSTEM
- Any selected part of the physical environment
together with the animals and plants in it.
51FOSSILS AS CLUES TO ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS
52BRACHIOPOD
TRILOBITE
53THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM
54THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM
55BURROWS
56FOSSILS AS CLUES TO ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS
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59USE OF FOSSILS IN THE INTERPRETATION OF ANCIENT
CLIMATE
60POLLEN GRAINS
61FORAMINIFERA COILING
62BELLEMNITE
63THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF ANIMALS
64GEOLOGIC RANGE AND FREQUENCY
65THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF PLANTS
66EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF VASCULAR LAND PLANTS
67FOSSILS AND THE SEARCH FOR MINERAL RESOURCES
68MICROFOSSILS
FORAMINIFERA
69CONODONTS
70OSTRACOD