THE INCOMPLETE RECORD OF LIFE

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CHAPTER 4

• THE INCOMPLETE RECORD OF LIFE

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FOSSIL PRESERVATION

• TYPES OF PRESERVATION
• Whole animal or plant
• Hard parts
• Permineralization
• Replacement
• Molds and casts
• Carbon imprints
• Tracks and trails

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WHOLE ANIMAL OR PLANT
MAMMOTH PRESERVED IN ICE
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HARD PARTS
MAMMOTH TOOTH
MAMMOTH BONES
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PETRIFIED WOOD
PERMINERALIZATION
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REPLACEMENT
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MOLDS AND CASTS
TRILOBITE
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MOLDS AND CASTS
GASTROPOD
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CARBON IMPRINT
FERN
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TRACKS AND TRAILS
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TRACKS AND TRAILS
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TRACKS, TRAILS AND BURROWS
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THE RANK AND ORDER OF LIFE

• Linnaean system of classification
• Concepts involved in classification

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CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN CLASSIFICATION

• SPECIES A species is a group of organisms that
  have structural, functional, and developmental
  similarities and that are able to interbreed and
  produce fertile offspring.

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CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN CLASSIFICATION

• TAXONOMY The science of naming, describing, and
  classifying organisms.

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TAXONOMY

• DOMAIN - Eucarya
• KINGDOM - Animalia
• PHYLUM - Chordata
• CLASS - Mammalia
• ORDER - Primates
• FAMILY - Hominidae
• GENUS Homo
• SPECIES -
  sapiens

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FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
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ORGANIC EVOLUTION

• Lamarcks Theory of Evolution
• Darwins Theory of Natural Selection
• Mendels Principles of Inheritance

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LAMARCK
"INNER NEED"
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• Darwin's theory of evolution has four main parts
  
• Organisms have changed over time, and the ones
  living today are different from those that lived
  in the past. Furthermore, many organisms that
  once lived are now extinct. The world is not
  constant, but changing. The fossil record
  provided ample evidence for this view.
• All organisms are derived from common ancestors
  by a process of branching. Over time, populations
  split into different species, which are related
  because they are descended from a common
  ancestor. Thus, if one goes far enough back in
  time, any pair of organisms has a common
  ancestor. This explained the similarities of
  organisms that were classified together -- they
  were similar because of shared traits inherited
  from their common ancestor. It also explained why
  similar species tended to occur in the same
  geographic region.
• Change is gradual and slow, taking place over a
  long time. This was supported by the fossil
  record, and was consistent with the fact that no
  naturalist had observed the sudden appearance of
  a new species. This is now contested by a view
  of episodes of rapid change and long periods of
  stasis, known as punctuated equilibrium.
• The mechanism of evolutionary change was natural
  selection. This was the most important and
  revolutionary part of Darwin's theory, and it
  deserves to be considered in greater detail.

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ADAPTIVE RADIATION
NATURAL SELECTION
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DARK BARK
DARK PEPPER MOTH
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DARK PEPPER MOTH
LIGHT BARK
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DNA MOLECULE
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REPRODUCTION AND CELL DIVISION

• MITOSIS
• MEIOSIS
• FERTILIZATION

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MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
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MUTATIONS

• ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
• COSMIC AND GAMMA RAYS
• CHEMICALS ((DRUGS)
• SPONTANEOUS

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EVOLUTION IN POPULATIONS

• A population is a group of individuals of the
  same species that occupy the a given area so that
  each individual has a chance to mate with
  members of the opposite sex within the group.

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SPECIATION AND ADAPTIVE RADIATION

• SPECIATION No gene exchange between different
  species.
• ADAPTIVE RADIATION The branching of a
  population to produce descendants adapted to
  particular environments and living strategies.

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EVOLUTION

• PHYLETIC GRADUALISM
• PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

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PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
PHYYLETIC GRADUALISM
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PHYLOGENY

• STRATOPHENETIC PHYLOGENY (see figure 4 16)
• CLADISTIC PHYLOGENY
• CLADOGRAM
  (see figure 4 17)

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PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
PHYYLETIC GRADUALISM
STRATOPHENETIC PHYLOGENY
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CLADOGRAM
CLADISTIC PHYLOGENY
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EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION

• PALEONTOLOGIC
• FOSSILS
• BIOLOGIC
• HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
• VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

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HORSE EVOLUTION
PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
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PERMIAN CEPHALOPODS
PALEONTOLOGIC EVIDENCE
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HOMOLOGY
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VESTIGIAL ORGANS
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FOSSILS AND STRATIGRAPHY
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ESTABLISHING AGE EQUIVALENCE WITH STRATA AND
FOSSILS
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FOSSIL RANGE
PALEONTOLOGICAL CORRELATION
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RANGE CHART
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INDEX FOSSILS

• index fossil The fossil of an organism known to
  have existed for a relatively short period of
  time, used to date the rock in which it is found.

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ARCHIMEDES
MISSISSIPPIAN INDEX FOSSIL
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BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC ZONES

• RANGE ZONE The rock body representing the total
  geologic life span of a distinct group of
  organisms
• ASSEMBLAGE ZONE A zone selected on the basis
  of several coexisting taxa,
• CONCURRENT RANGE ZONE The overlapping range of
  two or more taxa.

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ASSEMBLAGE ZONE - 3 GENERA REPRESENTED
CONCURRENT RANGE ZONE
Assillina RANGE ZONE
BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC ZONES
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ECOSYSTEM

• Any selected part of the physical environment
  together with the animals and plants in it.

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FOSSILS AS CLUES TO ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS

• PALEOECOLOGY

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BRACHIOPOD
TRILOBITE
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THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM
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THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM
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BURROWS
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FOSSILS AS CLUES TO ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS
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USE OF FOSSILS IN THE INTERPRETATION OF ANCIENT
CLIMATE
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POLLEN GRAINS
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FORAMINIFERA COILING
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BELLEMNITE
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THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF ANIMALS
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GEOLOGIC RANGE AND FREQUENCY
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THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF PLANTS
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EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF VASCULAR LAND PLANTS
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FOSSILS AND THE SEARCH FOR MINERAL RESOURCES
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MICROFOSSILS
FORAMINIFERA
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CONODONTS
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OSTRACOD