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THE INCOMPLETE RECORD OF LIFE

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MAMMOTH PRESERVED IN ICE. MAMMOTH TOOTH. MAMMOTH BONES. HARD PARTS. PETRIFIED WOOD ... THE RANK AND ORDER OF LIFE. Linnaean system of classification ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: THE INCOMPLETE RECORD OF LIFE


1
CHAPTER 4
  • THE INCOMPLETE RECORD OF LIFE

2
FOSSIL PRESERVATION
  • TYPES OF PRESERVATION
  • Whole animal or plant
  • Hard parts
  • Permineralization
  • Replacement
  • Molds and casts
  • Carbon imprints
  • Tracks and trails

3
WHOLE ANIMAL OR PLANT
MAMMOTH PRESERVED IN ICE
4
HARD PARTS
MAMMOTH TOOTH
MAMMOTH BONES
5
PETRIFIED WOOD
PERMINERALIZATION
6
REPLACEMENT
7
MOLDS AND CASTS
TRILOBITE
8
MOLDS AND CASTS
GASTROPOD
9
CARBON IMPRINT
FERN
10
TRACKS AND TRAILS
11
TRACKS AND TRAILS
12
TRACKS, TRAILS AND BURROWS
13
THE RANK AND ORDER OF LIFE
  • Linnaean system of classification
  • Concepts involved in classification

14
CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN CLASSIFICATION
  • SPECIES A species is a group of organisms that
    have structural, functional, and developmental
    similarities and that are able to interbreed and
    produce fertile offspring.

15
CONCEPTS INVOLVED IN CLASSIFICATION
  • TAXONOMY The science of naming, describing, and
    classifying organisms.

16
TAXONOMY
  • DOMAIN - Eucarya
  • KINGDOM - Animalia
  • PHYLUM - Chordata
  • CLASS - Mammalia
  • ORDER - Primates
  • FAMILY - Hominidae
  • GENUS Homo
  • SPECIES -
    sapiens

17
FIVE KINGDOM CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
18
ORGANIC EVOLUTION
  • Lamarcks Theory of Evolution
  • Darwins Theory of Natural Selection
  • Mendels Principles of Inheritance

19
LAMARCK
"INNER NEED"
20
  • Darwin's theory of evolution has four main parts
  • Organisms have changed over time, and the ones
    living today are different from those that lived
    in the past. Furthermore, many organisms that
    once lived are now extinct. The world is not
    constant, but changing. The fossil record
    provided ample evidence for this view.
  • All organisms are derived from common ancestors
    by a process of branching. Over time, populations
    split into different species, which are related
    because they are descended from a common
    ancestor. Thus, if one goes far enough back in
    time, any pair of organisms has a common
    ancestor. This explained the similarities of
    organisms that were classified together -- they
    were similar because of shared traits inherited
    from their common ancestor. It also explained why
    similar species tended to occur in the same
    geographic region.
  • Change is gradual and slow, taking place over a
    long time. This was supported by the fossil
    record, and was consistent with the fact that no
    naturalist had observed the sudden appearance of
    a new species. This is now contested by a view
    of episodes of rapid change and long periods of
    stasis, known as punctuated equilibrium.
  • The mechanism of evolutionary change was natural
    selection. This was the most important and
    revolutionary part of Darwin's theory, and it
    deserves to be considered in greater detail.

21
ADAPTIVE RADIATION
NATURAL SELECTION
22
DARK BARK
DARK PEPPER MOTH
23
DARK PEPPER MOTH
LIGHT BARK
24
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25
DNA MOLECULE
26
REPRODUCTION AND CELL DIVISION
  • MITOSIS
  • MEIOSIS
  • FERTILIZATION

27
MITOSIS
MEIOSIS
FERTILIZATION
28
MUTATIONS
  • ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT
  • COSMIC AND GAMMA RAYS
  • CHEMICALS ((DRUGS)
  • SPONTANEOUS

29
EVOLUTION IN POPULATIONS
  • A population is a group of individuals of the
    same species that occupy the a given area so that
    each individual has a chance to mate with
    members of the opposite sex within the group.

30
SPECIATION AND ADAPTIVE RADIATION
  • SPECIATION No gene exchange between different
    species.
  • ADAPTIVE RADIATION The branching of a
    population to produce descendants adapted to
    particular environments and living strategies.

31
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32
EVOLUTION
  • PHYLETIC GRADUALISM
  • PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM

33
PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
PHYYLETIC GRADUALISM
34
PHYLOGENY
  • STRATOPHENETIC PHYLOGENY (see figure 4 16)
  • CLADISTIC PHYLOGENY
  • CLADOGRAM
    (see figure 4 17)

35
PUNCTUATED EQUILIBRIUM
PHYYLETIC GRADUALISM
STRATOPHENETIC PHYLOGENY
36
CLADOGRAM
CLADISTIC PHYLOGENY
37
EVIDENCE FOR EVOLUTION
  • PALEONTOLOGIC
  • FOSSILS
  • BIOLOGIC
  • HOMOLOGOUS STRUCTURES
  • VESTIGIAL STRUCTURES

38
HORSE EVOLUTION
PALEONTOLOGICAL EVIDENCE
39
PERMIAN CEPHALOPODS
PALEONTOLOGIC EVIDENCE
40
HOMOLOGY
41
VESTIGIAL ORGANS
42
FOSSILS AND STRATIGRAPHY
43
ESTABLISHING AGE EQUIVALENCE WITH STRATA AND
FOSSILS
44
FOSSIL RANGE
PALEONTOLOGICAL CORRELATION
45
RANGE CHART
46
INDEX FOSSILS
  • index fossil The fossil of an organism known to
    have existed for a relatively short period of
    time, used to date the rock in which it is found.

47
ARCHIMEDES
MISSISSIPPIAN INDEX FOSSIL
48
BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC ZONES
  • RANGE ZONE The rock body representing the total
    geologic life span of a distinct group of
    organisms
  • ASSEMBLAGE ZONE A zone selected on the basis
    of several coexisting taxa,
  • CONCURRENT RANGE ZONE The overlapping range of
    two or more taxa.

49
ASSEMBLAGE ZONE - 3 GENERA REPRESENTED
CONCURRENT RANGE ZONE
Assillina RANGE ZONE
BIOSTRATIGRAPHIC ZONES
50
ECOSYSTEM
  • Any selected part of the physical environment
    together with the animals and plants in it.

51
FOSSILS AS CLUES TO ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS
  • PALEOECOLOGY

52
BRACHIOPOD
TRILOBITE
53
THE MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL THROUGH AN ECOSYSTEM
54
THE MARINE ECOSYSTEM
55
BURROWS
56
FOSSILS AS CLUES TO ANCIENT ENVIRONMENTS
57
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58
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59
USE OF FOSSILS IN THE INTERPRETATION OF ANCIENT
CLIMATE
60
POLLEN GRAINS
61
FORAMINIFERA COILING
62
BELLEMNITE
63
THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF ANIMALS
64
GEOLOGIC RANGE AND FREQUENCY
65
THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF PLANTS
66
EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY OF VASCULAR LAND PLANTS
67
FOSSILS AND THE SEARCH FOR MINERAL RESOURCES
68
MICROFOSSILS
FORAMINIFERA
69
CONODONTS
70
OSTRACOD
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