Presentation Plus!

1
Section 1-5
Technology and Industry

• Industrialization changed the way Americans
  worked, traveled, and communicated. ?

• In the North, manufacturers made products by
  dividing tasks among workers. ?
• They built factories to bring specialized workers
  together. ?
• Products could be made more quickly. ?
• The factory workers used machinery todo some of
  the work faster and more efficiently.

(pages 386389)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
2
Section 1-6
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• Mass production of cotton textiles beganin New
  England after Elias Howe invented the sewing
  machine in 1846. ?

• By 1860 factories in the Northeast produced at
  least two-thirds of the countrys manufactured
  goods.

(pages 386389)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
3
Section 1-7
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• Advances in transportation sparked the success of
  many new industries. ?

• Robert Fultons steamboat, developed in 1807,
  enabled goods and passengers to move along the
  inland waterways more cheaply and quickly. ?
• Thousands of miles of roads and canals were built
  between 1800 and 1850, connecting many lakes and
  rivers. ?
• Canal builders widened and deepened the canals in
  the 1840s so steamboats could pass through. ?
• Steamboats created the growth of cities suchas
  Chicago, Cincinnati, and Buffalo.

(pages 386389)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
4
Section 1-8
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• Clipper, or sailing, ships were built in the
  1840s to go faster, almost as fast as steamships.
  They could travel an averageof 300 miles per
  day. ?

• Railroad growth in the 1840s and 1850s connected
  places that were far apart. ?
• Early railroads connected mines with nearby
  rivers. ?
• Horses, not locomotives, powered the early
  railroads. ?

• The first steam-powered passenger locomotive, the
  Rocket, began operating in Britain in 1829. ?
• Peter Cooper designed and built the first
  American steam locomotive, Tom Thumb, in 1830.

(pages 386389)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
5
Section 1-9
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• A railway network in 1860 of nearly 31,000 miles
  of track linked cities in the North and Midwest. ?

• Railway builders tied the eastern lines to lines
  built farther west so that by 1860, a network
  united the East and the Midwest. ?
• Railways transformed trade and settlement in the
  nations interior. ?
• With the Erie Canal and railway network between
  the East and West, grain, livestock, and dairy
  products moved directly from the Midwest to the
  East.

(pages 386389)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
6
Section 1-10
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• Prices were lower because goods traveled faster
  and more cheaply. ?

• People settled into Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois,
  and as the population of the states grew, new
  towns and industry developed in the Midwest.

(pages 386389)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
7
Section 1-11
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• People needed to communicate fasterto keep up
  with the industrial growth and faster travel
  methods. ?

• Samuel Morse developed the telegraph in 1844. ?
• It used electric signals to send messages along
  wires. ?
• To transmit messages, Morse developed the Morse
  code, using a series of dots and dashes to
  represent the letters of the alphabet.

(pages 386389)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
8
Section 1-12
Technology and Industry (cont.)

• By 1852 the United States was operating about
  23,000 miles of telegraph lines.

(pages 386389)
9
Section 1-14
Agriculture

• Farmers were able to sell their productsin new
  markets as a result of the railroads and canals.
  ?

• New inventions changed farming methods and also
  encouraged settlers to develop larger areas in
  the West thought to be too difficult to farm. ?

• John Deere invented the steel-tipped plow in
  1837. ?
• Its steel-tipped blade cut through hard soil more
  easily than previous plows, which used wood
  blades.

(page 390)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
10
Section 1-15
Agriculture (cont.)

• The mechanical reaper sped up harvesting wheat. ?

• Cyrus McCormick designed and constructed it and
  made a fortune manufacturing and selling it. ?
• The mechanical reaper harvested grain much faster
  than a hand-operated sickle. ?
• Farmers began planting more wheat because they
  could harvest it faster. ?
• Growing wheat became profitable. ?
• The thresher separated the grain from the stalk.

(page 390)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
11
Section 1-16
Agriculture (cont.)

• Midwestern farmers grew large quantities of wheat
  and shipped it east. ?

• Farmers in the Northeast and Middle Atlantic
  states increased production of fruits and
  vegetables because they grew well in Eastern soil.

(page 390)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
12
Section 1-17
Agriculture (cont.)

• Agriculture was not a mainstay of the North. ?

• Farming the rocky soil was difficult. ?
• Instead, the North continued to grow
  industrially. ?
• More and more people worked in factories, and the
  problems connected with factory labor also grew.

(page 390)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
13
Section 2-5
Northern Factories

• Factories produced items such as shoes, watches,
  guns, sewing machines, and agricultural machinery
  in addition to textiles and clothing. ?

• Working conditions worsened as factories grew. ?
• Employees worked an average 11.4-hour days, often
  under dangerous and unpleasant conditions. ?
• No laws existed to regulate working conditions or
  to protect workers.

(pages 391393)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
14
Section 2-6
Northern Factories (cont.)

• By the 1830s workers began to organizeto improve
  working conditions. ?

• Trade unions, or organizations of workers with
  the same trade or skill, developed. ?
• Unskilled workers also organized dueto poor
  working conditions.

(pages 391393)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
15
Section 2-7
Northern Factories (cont.)

• Skilled workers in New York City wenton strike
  or refused to work in the mid-1830s. ?

• They hoped for higher wages and a 10-hour day. ?
• They formed the General Trades Unionof New York.

(pages 391393)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
16
Section 2-8
Northern Factories (cont.)

• Striking was illegal and workers could be
  punished by law or fired from their jobs. ?

• A Massachusetts court ruled in favor of workers
  right to strike in 1842, but this was just the
  beginning of workers receiving legal rights.

(pages 391393)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
17
Section 2-9
Northern Factories (cont.)

• Although the North did not have slavery in the
  1830s, it did have racial prejudice and
  discrimination. ?

• In 1820, although New York stopped requiring
  white men to own property in order to vote, few
  African Americans could vote. ?
• In fact, Rhode Island and Pennsylvania passed
  laws prohibiting free African Americans from
  voting.

(pages 391393)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
18
Section 2-10
Northern Factories (cont.)

• Free African Americans were not allowed to attend
  public schools and were barred from public
  facilities. ?

• They were forced into segregated schoolsand
  hospitals in most communities. ?
• A few African Americans were successfulin
  business. ?
• Most, though, were extremely poor.

(pages 391393)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
19
Section 2-11
Northern Factories (cont.)

• Women were discriminated against in the mills and
  factories even though they played a major role in
  the development of industry. ?

• They worked for less pay, were excluded from
  unions, and were kept out of the workplace to
  make more jobs for men. ?

• The Lowell Female Labor Reform Organization in
  Massachusetts petitioned the state legislature
  for a 10-hour workday in 1845. ?
• The legislature did not even consider the
  petition signed only by women.

(pages 391393)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
20
Section 2-12
Northern Factories (cont.)

• Most early efforts in the workplace failedbut
  did set the stage for later womens movements.

(pages 391393)
21
Section 2-14
The Rise of Cities

• People moved to the cities to fill the factory
  jobs. ?

• In 1860 the population of New York City, the
  nations largest city, passed 800,000. ?
• Philadelphia had more than 500,000 people. ?
• City life was often difficult and dangerous due
  to overcrowding, run-down buildings, and the
  threat of disease and fire.

(pages 393395)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
22
Section 2-15
The Rise of Cities (cont.)

• Immigration to the United States greatly
  increased between 1840 and 1860. ?

• Many of these people were willing to work for low
  pay and long hours. ?

• The largest group came from Ireland, more than
  1.5 million, settling mainly in the Northeast. ?
• A potato famine, or an extreme shortage, caused
  by a potato disease destroyed Irelands crops,
  and starvation followed. ?
• Potatoes were the staple food of the Irish diet.

(pages 393395)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
23
Section 2-16
The Rise of Cities (cont.)

• The men from Ireland worked in factories or did
  manual labor such as working on the railroads and
  digging ditches. ?

• Women became servants and factory workers. ?
• The second-largest group of immigrants came from
  Germany. They settled in New York, Pennsylvania,
  the Midwest, and the western territories. ?
• Some came for new opportunity, and others came as
  a result of the failure of the democratic
  revolution in 1848. ?
• More than one million came, many in family
  groups. Many had money, so they prospered,
  founding their own communities and organizations
  and buying farms or setting up businesses.

(pages 393395)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
24
Section 2-17
The Rise of Cities (cont.)

• Immigration changed the character of the country.
  ?

• People brought their language, customs, religion,
  and ways of life. ?
• Most of the Irish immigrants and about one-half
  of German immigrants were Roman Catholics. ?
• They settled in northeastern cities. ?
• The church gave them a source of spiritual
  guidance and also provideda center for community
  life.

(pages 393395)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
25
Section 2-18
The Rise of Cities (cont.)

• The immigrants faced prejudice. ?

• Anti-immigrant feelings arose. ?
• People opposed to immigration, called nativists,
  felt that immigration threatened the future of
  native born citizens. ?
• Some nativists thought that immigrants took jobs
  away from real Americans. ?
• Others thought they brought crime and disease.

(pages 393395)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
26
Section 2-19
The Rise of Cities (cont.)

• The American Party was a group of nativists who
  joined together to forma new political party in
  the 1850s. ?

• They formed secret anti-Catholic societies. ?
• The party became known as the Know-Nothing Party,
  because they answered questions by saying, I
  know nothing.

(pages 393395)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
27
Section 2-20
The Rise of Cities (cont.)

• The Know-Nothing Party wanted stricter
  citizenship laws and wanted to ban foreign-born
  citizens from holding office. ?

• In the mid-1850s, the movement split over
  slavery. ?
• A Northern branch and a Southern branch formed. ?
  
• Slavery also divided the Northern and Southern
  states.

(pages 393395)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
28
Section 3-5
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom

• The economy of the South thrived by 1850 because
  of cotton. ?

• It became the leading cash crop. ?
• Tobacco and rice had been profitable in colonial
  times, but tobacco depended on foreign markets
  and the price fluctuated. ?
• Rice could not be grown in the dry inland areas.
  ?
• In the Deep SouthGeorgia, South Carolina,
  Alabama, Louisiana, Mississippi, and
  Texascotton helped the economy prosper, and
  slavery grew stronger.

(pages 397399)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
29
Section 3-6
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (cont.)

• Eli Whitneys cotton gin revolutionized cotton
  production. ?

• The machine removed seeds from cotton fibers. ?
• A worker could clean only 1 pound ofcotton a day
  by hand, but with the machine, a worker could
  clean 50 pounds. ?
• The cotton gin led to the need for more workers.
  ?
• Southern planters relied on enslaved laborers to
  plant and pick the cotton.

(pages 397399)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
30
Section 3-7
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (cont.)

• The British textile industry created a huge
  demand for cotton and kept the price high. ?

• The Deep South was committed to cotton, with some
  areas also growing rice and sugarcane. ?
• The Upper SouthMaryland, Virginia, and North
  Carolinawas also agricultural and produced
  tobacco, hemp, wheat, and vegetables.

(pages 397399)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
31
Section 3-8
Rise of the Cotton Kingdom (cont.)

• The value of enslaved people increased due to the
  reliance on them for producing cotton and sugar.
  ?

• The Upper South became a center for the sale and
  transport of enslaved people in the region.

(pages 397399)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
32
Section 3-10
Industry in the South

• The South remained rural and agricultural. ?

• The entire South produced fewer manufactured
  goods than the stateof Pennsylvania in the 1860s.

(pages 399400)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
33
Section 3-11
Industry in the South (cont.)

• Several barriers to industry developed in the
  South ?

• Because cotton was so profitable, farming was
  important, not new business. ?
• Because capital, or money to invest in business,
  was lacking, new industry didnot develop. ?
• People saw no reason to sell their land or
  enslaved workers to raise money for industry, and
  they believed their economy would continue to
  prosper.

(pages 399400)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
34
Section 3-12
Industry in the South (cont.)

• Because the market for manufactured goodsin the
  South was smaller than in the North, this also
  discouraged industrial development.

• Some Southerners did not want industry.

(pages 399400)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
35
Section 3-13
Industry in the South (cont.)

• Some Southern leaders wanted to develop industry
  so that the South would not be dependent on the
  North for manufactured goods. ?

• They also wanted the South to develop their
  economy. ?
• These leaders were the exception, though, not the
  rule. ?

• William Gregg opened a textile factory inSouth
  Carolina in 1844. ?
• In Richmond, Virginia, Joseph Reid Anderson took
  over the Tredegar Iron Works in the 1840s and
  made it a leading producer of iron in the nation.

(pages 399400)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
36
Section 3-14
Industry in the South (cont.)

• Goods were transported via natural waterways. ?

• Most towns were along rivers or on the coast. ?
• Roads were poor and there were few canals. ?
• Railroad lines were mostly local and did not
  connect parts of a region. ?
• By 1860 only about one-third of the rail lines
  were in the South.

(pages 399400)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
37
Section 4-5
Small Farms

• Most Southerners were small farmers without
  enslaved people or were planters with a few
  enslaved laborers. ?

• Only a very few planters could afford the large
  plantations and numerous enslaved people to work
  it. ?
• Southerners were of four types yeomen, tenant
  farmers, rural poor, and plantation owners.

(pages 401402)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
38
Section 4-6
Small Farms (cont.)

• Yeomen were farmers without enslaved people. ?

• They made up the largest group of whites in the
  South. ?
• Most owned land and lived in the Upper South and
  hilly rural areas of the Deep South. ?
• Their farms were from 50 to 200 acres. ?
• They grew crops for themselves and to sell or
  trade.

(pages 401402)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
39
Section 4-7
Small Farms (cont.)

• Tenant farmers rented land, or worked on
  landlords estates. ?

• The rural poor lived in crude cabins in wooded
  areas, planted corn, and fished and hunted for
  food. ?
• They were self-sufficient and refused any work
  that resembled enslaved labor.

(pages 401402)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
40
Section 4-9
Plantations

• Plantation owners wanted to earn profits, and
  they did this by selling cotton. ?

• Plantations had fixed costs, such as feeding and
  housing workers and maintaining equipment. ?
• These did not vary greatly. ?
• However, owners could not know how much their
  cotton would bring in because prices varied from
  season to season and market to market.

(pages 402403)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
41
Section 4-10
Plantations (cont.)

• Planters sold their cotton to agents from cotton
  exchanges in large cities such as Charleston, New
  Orleans, Mobile, and Savannah. ?

• The agents held the cotton until the price rose
  and then sold it. ?
• Planters did not get any money until the agents
  sold the cotton, so they were always in debt. ?
• The agents did extend credit, or a loan, to the
  planters for the time that they held the cotton.

(pages 402403)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
42
Section 4-11
Plantations (cont.)

• Most plantations wealth was measured by
  possessions, including enslaved people. ?

• Only about 4 percent of the Souths farms and
  plantations held 20 or more enslaved people by
  1860. ?
• A large majority of the planters held fewer than
  10 enslaved workers.

(pages 402403)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
43
Section 4-12
Plantations (cont.)

• Plantation wives were responsible for the
  enslaved people and supervising the plantation
  buildings and other gardens. ?

• They also kept the financial records. ?
• Life was lonely, especially when planters
  traveled to make new deals with agents.

(pages 402403)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
44
Section 4-13
Plantations (cont.)

• Plantation work involved many chores. ?

• Some enslaved African Americans worked in the
  house, cleaning, cooking, sewing, and doing
  laundry. ?
• Other enslaved African Americans were skilled
  workers, trained as carpenters, blacksmiths,
  shoemakers, or weavers. ?
• Some worked in the pastures, but most were field
  hands, supervised by an overseer, working from
  sunrise to sunset.

(pages 402403)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
45
Section 4-16
Life Under Slavery

• Life was full of hardships and misery. ?

• Enslaved African Americans worked long hours,
  earned no money, and had little hope of freedom.
  ?
• Many were separated from their families when sold
  to different plantation owners. ?

• They had the bare necessities in their slave
  cabins. ?
• Each cabin was shared by dozens of people living
  together in a single room.

(pages 403406)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
46
Section 4-17
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Family life was uncertain. ?

• Law did not recognize marriages, but many
  enslaved African Americans did marry. ?
• Families were separated when wives or children
  were sold. ?
• The extended family provided some stability and
  was an important aspect of the culture.

(pages 403406)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
47
Section 4-18
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Although enduring many difficulties, they kept
  their African culture alive and mixedit with
  American ways. ?

• Even though slavery was legal in the South, the
  slave trade was outlawed in 1808. ?
• As no new enslaved Africans entered the United
  States, almost all the enslaved people by 1860
  were born here.

(pages 403406)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
48
Section 4-19
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Many enslaved people accepted Christianity, and
  it became a religionof hope for them. ?

• The spiritual, or African American religious folk
  song, provided a way to secretly communicate with
  one another.

(pages 403406)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
49
Section 4-20
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Slave codes made life more difficult. ?

• These were laws that controlled the enslaved
  people, such as prohibiting them from gathering
  in large groups, leaving their masters property
  without a pass, and making it a crime to teach
  them how to read or write.

(pages 403406)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
50
Section 4-21
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Resistance to slavery took the form of working
  slowly, pretending to be sick, or sometimes
  setting fire or breaking tools. ?

• Armed rebellions were rare. ?
• Nat Turner, who taught himself to readand write,
  led a group on a short violent rampage in
  Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831. ?
• They killed at least 55 whites before being
  captured. Turner was hanged. ?
• More severe slave codes were passedas a result.

(pages 403406)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
51
Section 4-22
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Some enslaved people escaped slavery. ?

• Most who were successful escaped via the
  Underground Railroad, which was a network of safe
  places to stop along the long journey to the
  North in safe houses owned by whites and free
  African Americans. ?
• Most runaways were captured and punished.

(pages 403406)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
52
Section 4-23
Life Under Slavery (cont.)

• Harriet Tubman and Frederick Douglass, both born
  into slavery, fled north. ?

• They became African American heroes for their
  efforts to help free more enslaved people.

(pages 403406)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
53
Section 4-25
Life in the Cities

• By 1860 several large cities existed, such as
  Baltimore and New Orleans. ?

• Others were on the rise such as Charleston,
  Richmond, and Memphis. ?
• Baltimores population was 212,000. ?
• New Orleans had 168,000 people. ?
• Population included whites, some enslaved people,
  and free African Americans.

(pages 406407)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
54
Section 4-26
Life in the Cities (cont.)

• Free African Americans became barbers,
  carpenters, and traders. ?

• They founded churches and institutions. ?
• In New Orleans they formed an opera company. ?
• Not all prospered though, and many were not given
  an equal share in economic and political life.

(pages 406407)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.
55
Section 4-27
Life in the Cities (cont.)

• Between 1830 and 1860, Southern states passed
  laws that limited the rights of free African
  Americans. ?

• Most states would not allow them to migrate from
  other states. ?
• In 1859 in Arkansas, they were orderedto leave
  the state.

(pages 406407)
Click the mouse button or press the Space Bar to
display the information.