Slide 1 of 71

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Fish

• Vertebrate Zoology
• Spring, 2005
• Dr. Dave McShaffrey

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Phylum ChordataChapter 24 in Integrated
Principles of Zoology (12th edition) by
Hickman, Roberts, Larson and IAnson. 2004.
McGraw Hill Publishers, New York. 899 pp.
3
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata
Note These are actually jawed fishes, not
jawless fins!
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
The First Jawed Fish 4 groups of gnathostomes
found in the Devonian - 400 MYA A. Placoderms
- much different from other gnathostomes placo
- Gr plate derm - Gr skin extinct B. Chondri
chthyes - reduction and specialization chond -
Gr cartilage ichthyes - Gr fish sharks and
rays Teleostomes advanced jaw hinge - teleo
- Gr complete osteo - Gr bone remaining two
groups C. Acanthodians - fossil group
only acanth - Gr spine od - L
form D. Osteichthyes - modern bony
fishes osteo - Gr bone ichthyes - Gr fish
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
Placoderms A. Differences from other
gnathostomes jaw muscles arranged
differently different type of teeth teeth
adapted from bone once broken could not be
replaced different skeletal support for
fins B. Placoderms resemble heterostracans -
covered with bony plates. C. Placoderms were
mostly predators, several reached sizes to 10m in
length and had various specializations for
opening the mouth wide.
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
Placoderms
D. Placoderms became extinct in the lower
Carboniferous (Mississippian - 360 MYA)
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes

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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes

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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
Chondrichthyes Two main groups, based on number
of gill openings A. Holocephali - one gill slit
(ratfish) holo - Gr whole cephalo - Gr head
B. Elasmobranchii - 5 to 7 gill slits (sharks,
skates, rays) elasmo - Gr plate branchi - Gr
gill, fin C. There were three main radiations
(periods of rapid speciation) of elasmobranchs

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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Acanthodians Osteichthyes
http//www.metridium.com/monterey/fish/ratfish.jpg
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Acanthodians Osteichthyes
Modern groups of sharks
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii Acanthod
ians Osteichthyes
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii Acanthod
ians Osteichthyes
First radiation - characterized by
Cladoselache Devonian (408 MYA)
http//www.tok2.com/home/cloudcity/sonota_photo/sh
umi_photo/dinotales/cladoselache.JPG
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii Acanthod
ians Osteichthyes
Second radiation - characterized by Hybodus died
off at end of Cretaceous (144
MYA)
http//www.museum-buende.de/webseitebuende/walluec
ke11fische.html
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii Acanthod
ians Osteichthyes
Modern radiation Probably derived from
Cladoselache- type ancestor
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii Acanthod
ians Osteichthyes
Biology and ecology of sharks 1. Mechanoreception
- lateralis system neuromast
organs 2. Electric field detection - ampullae of
Lorenzini 3. Chemoreception - highly
developed hammerhead shark - separate
nostrils directional olfaction
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii Acanthod
ians Osteichthyes
Biology and ecology of sharks Vision -
specifically adapted to low light mostly
rods tapetum lucidum behind retina tape -
Gr carpet luci - L light reflects light back
through retina melanin regulates
reflectivity See http//www.sharkattacks.com/ext
rodinary.htm Attack long range sensing via
olfaction or lateral line Closer range -
vision final attack - nicitating membrane
lowered electroreception
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii Acanthod
ians Osteichthyes
Biology and ecology of sharks Reproduction int
ernal fertilization via claspers a) Oviparous pr
oduce large, yolk filled eggs covered with
protein shell sinks to bottom for 6-10 month
development b) Ovoviviparous eggs with reduced
shells remain in female only gasses and
minerals from mother all nutrients in
yolk c) Viviparous young receive nutrition from
mother via long strands which secrete
"milk" via additional eggs produced by
mother via placenta developed from yolk sac
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii Acanthod
ians Osteichthyes
Modern groups of sharks
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii Acanthod
ians Osteichthyes
Modern groups of sharks
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii Acanthod
ians Osteichthyes
Modern groups of sharks
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Acanthodians Osteichthyes
Modern groups of sharks
1. Pleurotremate - gill openings on side of head
pleuro - Gr side trema - Gr hole - 339
species a) Two lineages of pleurotremate
sharks (1) squaloid squalus - L dogfish 80
species smaller brain cold, deep
water (2) galeoid galeo - Gr shark 250
species larger brain warm,
shallow water - carnivores
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
Modern groups of sharks
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
Modern groups of sharks
2. Hypotremate - gill openings on bottom of
head hypo - Gr under trema - Gr hole more
diverse, 424 species skates and rays benthic,
durophagous (eat hard things) locomotion via
enlarged pectoral fins few placoid
scales largest are plankton feeders some can
produce electric currents
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Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
Life in Water
Mostly marine - 0.01 freshwater lakes and
rivers however - river systems change
rapidly provide isolation site of much
speciation 1/3 of all fishes are freshwater
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Life in Water
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
Physical constraints great density compared to
air ability to float three dimensional
habitat slow temperature changes greater
conductivity greater pressure (but who
cares?) faster, further sound conduction less
light conduction light sound altered by
passage through water little infrared
transmission more viscosity greater potential
for thrust, greater drag less oxygen
availability easier to get rid of CO2 and NH3
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Life in Water
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
Fish have evolved in water for 600 million
years for 200 MY all life was in water
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Life in Water
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
Obtaining oxygen Gills - must be highly
efficient Gills are derived from gill
arches highly vascularized countercurrent
exchange mechanism accessory structures papil
lae in mouth and pharynx - surface and gulp
air labyrinths in head lungs - precursors of
swim bladders all are adaptations to warm, O2
poor conditions
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Life in Water
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
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Life in Water
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
Gravity mostly offset by high density of
water swim bladders, fat reserves - lower
density of body hovering - well-developed swim
bladder volume of swim bladder larger in
freshwater regulation of swim bladder volume
decreases with depth primitive fish use
pneumatic duct - physostomes may be used as
lung as well advanced fishes - no duct -
physoclist gas gland - exploits acid conditions
in nearby tissues to extract O2 from hemoglobin
via rete mirable ovale - gas release into
capillaries driven by pressure gravity can be
offset by lift generated by fins
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Life in Water
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
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Life in Water
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
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Life in Water
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
Senses Light Greater attenuation in H2O H2O
filters out infrared, red leaves blue,
green light is not refracted by cornea need
for thick lens poorer visual acuity dissolved
materials further reduce light and vision 4-eyed
fish Chemoreception taste buds in mouth, on
head, anterior fins olfaction - receptors in
nares
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Life in Water
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
Senses Mechanoreception semi-circular canals -
acceleration otoliths - gravity hearing (sound
pressure waves) based on hair cells to form
neuromast organs The lateral line hair cells
with kinocilia embedded in cupula displacement
of cupula causes rate of firing to change -
faster or slower displacement caused by water
currents, low-frequency sound also receptors
scattered over the body particularly the head
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Life in Water
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
Senses Electroreception Active - generate
electrical field and see how it is
affected knife fish eventually became strong
enough to stun prey Passive - sense prey's
electrical fields Current generated by
electrocytes muscle cells modified to pump ions
only. Sensory uses in murky freshwater
(saltwater too conductive) nocturnal for
communication
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Life in Water
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
37
Life in Water
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
The Appearance of Teleostomes Devonian - Age
of Fishes 408 - 360 MYA All major fish lineages
coexist Class Osteichthyes Subclass
Sarcopterygii Subclass Actinopterygii Extinct
Group Acanthodii is sister group of
Osteichthyes Plankton feeders extinct during
Permian (286 MYA) http//www.rathinker
.co.kr/paranormal/creationism/tranfossil/fossil.ht
m
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Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes
Fragments from late Silurian (408 MYA) Major
forms present in Mid Devonian (390
MYA) Sarcopterygii - fleshy fin Actinopterygii
- stout ray (fin) All have bone, but bone is
present in agnathans, placoderms,
acanthodians, and has probably been lost in
Chondrichthyes
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Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Polypteriformes
Living Actinopterygii Order Polypteriformes many
-fins? bichirs modified heterocercal
tails well-ossified skeletons ganoid
scales freshwater carnivores
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Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Acipenseriformes
Order Acipenseriformes acipen - L
sturgeon sturgeons and paddlefish modified
heterocercal tails often anadromous or
freshwater Sturgeon suction feeder -
caviar Paddlefish electric snout, plankton
feeder
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Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Acipenseriformes
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Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Lepisosteiformes
Amiiformes
Primitive neopterygians Lepisosteiformes
lepi - Gr scale gars freshwater
predators Amiiformes amia - Gr
fish bowfin suction predator - freshwater
NA
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Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Teleosteans 4 clades, 96 of extant species
(21,000)
44
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha
Osteoglossomorpha bony-tongue tropical
freshwater predators
45
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Elopomorpha
Elopomorpha elop - Gr sea-fish leptocephalus
larvae adapted to ocean surface lept - Gr
slender includes tarpon, bonefish, eels eels
catadromous
46
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Elopomorpha
Elopomorpha elop - Gr sea-fish leptocephalus
larvae adapted to ocean surface lept - Gr
slender includes tarpon, bonefish, eels eels
catadromous
47
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Clupeomorpha
Clupeomorpha clupe - L river fish marine
plankton feeders often school - economically
important herrings, shad, anchovies, sardines
48
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Ost
ariophysi
Euteleostei Ostariophysi bone-bladder Webarian
apparatus - connects swim bladder to
ear carps, minnows, catfish 80 of all
freshwater species
49
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Ost
ariophysi
50
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Ost
ariophysi
51
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Ost
ariophysi Salmonids
Euteleostei Salmonids salmo - L
salmon pikes, muskies, salmon, trout
52
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Ost
ariophysi Salmonids
53
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Ost
ariophysi Salmonids
54
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Ost
ariophysi Salmonids
55
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Osta
riophysi Salmonids Scopelomorpha Paracant
hopterygii
Scopelomorpha scopel - Gr cliff or
rock deepwater lanternfishes Paracanthopterygii
cods and anglerfish
56
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Osta
riophysi Salmonids Scopelomorpha Paracant
hopterygii Acanthopterygii
Acanthopterygii true spiny-ray fishes two
main groups atherinomorphs beard of
corn? silversides grunions, flyingfish,
live-bearers Perciformes perca - Gr
perch perch-like largest order - 7,800
species sunfish, perch, darters,
snappers, cichlids, barracuda, tuna,
coral reefs
57
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Osta
riophysi Salmonids Scopelomorpha Paracant
hopterygii Acanthopterygii
58
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Osta
riophysi Salmonids Scopelomorpha Paracant
hopterygii Acanthopterygii
59
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Osta
riophysi Salmonids Scopelomorpha Paracant
hopterygii Acanthopterygii
60
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Osta
riophysi Salmonids Scopelomorpha Paracant
hopterygii Acanthopterygii
61
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Osta
riophysi Salmonids Scopelomorpha Paracant
hopterygii Acanthopterygii
Life History sex not determined genetically in
most when it is, usually in long-lived
individuals some all-female populations sperm
from other species triggers development sperm's
genome not incorporated into zygote Sex change -
strategies sequential hermaphroditism protandrou
s hermaphroditism protogynous hermaphroditism
62
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes
Holocephali Elasmobranchii
Pleurotremate Hypotremate Acanth
odians Osteichthyes Actinopterygii
Neopterygii Teleosteii
Osteoglossomorpha Euteleostei Osta
riophysi Salmonids Scopelomorpha Paracant
hopterygii Acanthopterygii
See also http//www.cnn.com/2003/TECH/science/10
/22/sex.size.reut/index.html
63
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii
Evolution of Sarcopterygii most extinct or
evolved into tetrapods Lungfish Coelacanths
64
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii
Dipnoans
Sarcopterygii Two groups Dipnoans and
Actinistians
Dipnoans dipno - Gr meal or food 1 genus each
in Africa, Australia, and South America jaws
fused to skull loss of dorsal fin (shallow
water?) feed on plants, molluscs and
crustaceans often walk on paired fins on bottom
of pond can aestivate during dry seasons
65
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii
Dipnoans
Sarcopterygii Two groups Dipnoans and
Actinistians
66
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii
Dipnoans
Sarcopterygii Lungfish
67
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii
Dipnoans Actinistians
Sarcopterygii Two groups Dipnoans and
Actinistians
Actinistians 1 extant marine species near
Madagascar Latimeria chalumnae - rediscovered in
1938 Predator See also American Scientist
77536-538 for account of the capture of the
2nd coelacanth. larger brain warm, shallow
water - carnivores
68
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii
Dipnoans Actinistians
Sarcopterygii Actinistians
69
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii
Dipnoans Actinistians
70
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii
Dipnoans Actinistians
71
Osteichthyes
Phylum Chordata Subphylum Urochordata
Tunicates Subphylum Cephalochordata
Lancelets Subphylum Vertebrata
Vertebrates Superclass Agnatha Superclass
Gnathostomata Placoderms Chondrichthyes A
canthodians Osteichthyes
Actinopterygii Sarcopterygii
Dipnoans Actinistians
The End