BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES: THE HARVARD SYSTEM

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 1. Value of the Harvard System
• The Harvard system is widely used in academic
  writing because it combines three features very
  efficiently
• Any reader wishing to follow up an author's
  sources is provided with a very full reference
  for each of those sources, conveniently organised
  as an alphabetic list by author. It is this list
  we ask you to call 'Bibliographic References
• Each full reference is simply typed in a
  prescribed sequence, avoiding the need for
  tabulation and other possibly complicated
  lay-outs
• The different elements of each full reference are
  identified by consistent sequence, punctuation
  and emphasis (underlined, italic or bold type).
  In the examples below, italic type has been
  chosen throughout
• References in the body of the author's text can
  be given in one of several (depending on the
  grammatical context) very brief forms, which
  still clearly indicate, in the alphabetic list,
  which full bibliographic reference is intended

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2. Full Reference in the list of Bibliographic
  References
• 2.1 In deciding in which conventional form to
  give a full reference, you need to distinguish
  between
• Authored book. Books solely or effectively by
  one author, or by collaborating authors where
  separate authorship of chapters or sections of
  the book is not identified
• Edited book. Book which is a collection of
  chapters, sections, or articles collected,
  organised and probably introduced and commented
  on by an editor
• Article in a periodical, i.e., a publication
  which appears at regular intervals under the same
  title (e.g., The Sun, British Journal of
  Sociology, Mind, Times Higher Education
  Supplement) and contains articles by differing
  authors

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2. Full Reference in the list of Bibliographic
  References
• 2.1 In deciding in which conventional form to
  give a full reference, you need to distinguish
  between
• Chapter or section in an edited book, where a
  named editor or editors have collected together
  sections or chapters by other named authors
• Chapter or section in an edited book, where there
  is no named editor, but instead a number of
  collaborating authors, who have provided sections
  or chapters bearing their name
• Pamphlets, reports, tracts, etc., where no author
  is named, but where the publication has been
  commissioned by an identifiable committee or
  organisation, or sometimes has not
• Oddities publications that present real
  referencing difficulties.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.2 Finding Bibliographic Information.
• You should look for bibliographies information on
  the face and reverse of a publication's title
  page, not its cover and spine.
• Sometimes a book's sub-title is not given on the
  cover.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.3 Formats for Different Publications
• 2.3.1 Authored Book
• The basic format, upon which all others are
  variations, is for an authored book. The general
  form of such a reference is
• Author, A., Author, B. and Author, N.1 (YEAR2 of
  publication of book) Full title of book. Place
  of publication Publisher.
• Thus
• Hughes, G.E. and Cresswell, M.J. (1972) An
  introduction to modal logic. London Methuen
  University Paperback.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• NOTES
• 1. Contemporary practice is to cite all the
  authors (or editors) named on the title page, in
  the order in which they are named. You should
  not use the abbreviation, "et al." ( et alii
  and others) in the full reference. But you
  should use it in brief in-text references (see
  below).
• In some old texts, it may not be possible to find
  a publication date, even in roman numerals (e.g.,
  MDCCCXXXIII) at the bottom of the title page, or
  at the end of an author's preface. In such
  cases, put "ud." where the date should go.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.3.2 Edited Book
• Use the same format as an authored book, except
  that "ed." or "eds" follows the author's or
  authors' names, thus
• Singh, B.R. (ed.) (1994) Improving gender and
  ethnic relations strategies for schools and
  further education. London Cassell.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.3.3 Article in a Periodical
• The general form of this reference is
  Author, A.N. (YEAR of
  periodical issue in which article appeared) "Full
  title of article", Full Title of Journal, Volume
  No. - can be either roman or arabic, but be
  consistent, (Issue No. - many learned journals
  produce an annual volume, in two, three or four
  issues. Older journals may just have a volume
  number), pp. n-m (the first and last pages on
  which the article appears, including its notes
  and references).
• Thus
  Brook, P.
  (1973) "Politics of sclerosis Stalin and Lear
  an interview with A.J. Liehm", Theatre Quarterly,
  3(10), pp. 13-17.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.3.4 Chapters/Section in an Edited Book - Named
  Editor
• The general format is Chapter - Author,
  A.N. (YEAR of publication of book) "Title of
  chapter and any subtitle". In A.N. Editor (ed.)
  Full title of book. Place of Publication
  Publisher.
• Thus Powell, L. (1994) "Personal and
  social education a vehicle for prejudice
  reduction". In Singh, B.R. (ed.) (1994)
  Improving gender and ethnic relations strategies
  for schools and further education. London
  Cassell.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.3.5 Chapter/Section in an Edited Book - No
  Named Editor
• Sometimes a publication is produced by a
  collective, none of whose members feels able to
  claim editorship and so have their name on the
  book. Or maybe no-one wants to be singled out
  for blame! This can happen especially for
  pamphlets, reports and tracts compiled by a
  number of authors.
• One device is to entitle the authors as "various
  authors" or "Various eds" and otherwise use the
  format for an edited book, above. Another device
  is to put dashes in place of the
  authors'/editors' names.
• Where you use the first device, the reference is
  entered under "V" in any alphabet list. Where
  you use dashes, you should use the publication
  title as the basis of deciding where it should go
  in an alphabetic list.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.3.6 Pamphlets, Reports, Tracts
• These can be tricky! Most such documents are
  commissioned by an organisation or committee and
  published by the same or a different
  organisation. The convention is to treat the
  report as if it were an authored book, but to
  replace the author's name with the name of the
  commissioning body. If the commissioning body is
  also the publisher, yes, you print their name
  again in the place for the publisher!
• Here is an example where the commissioner and
  publisher are different
• Central Statistical Office (1987) Regional
  Trends, No. 22. London HMSO.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.3.6 Pamphlets, Reports, Tracts
• Here they are very similar
• Sheffield City Council for Racial Equality and
  the Police and Community Safety Unit (1986)
  Because the skin is black. Sheffield Sheffield
  City Council.
• Here they are the same
• (NICER) Northern Ireland Council for Educational
  Research (1984) Register of research 1978-82.
  Belfast Northern Ireland Council for Educational
  Research.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.3.7 Films, Videos, Tapes, CDs
• The principle for listing films and videos is
  different here, it is the title which comes
  first and the director/producer/publisher later
• Hamlet (1990) F. Zeffirelli.
• La bête humaine (1938) J. Renoir.
• Macbeth (1959) Decca Records.
• Macbeth (1988) BBC Television Shakespeare.
• Thin blue line (1993) BBC Radio 4.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.3.8 Oddities
• Sometimes you want to refer to pamphlets for
  which any or all of the following information is
  missing author, commissioning body, date, place
  of publication, publisher or printer.
• In such cases, start with the general format for
  authored books and then simply omit what cannot
  be supplied, except
• replace the author's name with a dash
• where the date should go put "ud." meaning
  undated.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.3.9 An example of a list of bibliographic
  references
• Note where the ampersand () is and is not used.
• Note the use of upper and lower case in book and
  periodical titles and in subtitles and in article
  and chapter titles.
• Note the spacing between references to increase
  readability.
• Sometimes, when you set up a list of references,
  the same author appears more than once. Where
  the publications are of different dates you place
  an author's publications in date-order, earliest
  first. When an author has two or more
  publications with the same date, you order them
  by alphabetic order of title and then add
  lower-case letters to the publication dates to
  give a (Date) (e.g., 1988c). This had been done
  for Elliot-Kemp's publications in the example
  list next. You do this so that when you want to
  make abbreviated in-text references (see next)
  you can distinguish between texts of the same
  date.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.3.9 An example of a list of bibliographic
  references
• Bell. J., Bush, T., Fox, A., Goodey, J.,
  Goulding, S. (eds) (1984) Conducting small-scale
  investigations in educational management.
  London Harper Row/Open University.
• Charlesworth, E.A. (1986) Stress management.
  London Souvenir Press.
• Elliot-Kemp, J. (1986a) "Decisions and
  strategies in stress management", Educational
  Change And Development, 7(2), pp. 4-9.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 2.3.9 An example of a list of bibliographic
  references
• Elliot-Kemp, J. (1986b) "The management of
  stress", Educational Change And Development,
  7(1), pp. 19-23.
• Feitler, F.C. (1985) "How to manage stress in the
  middle school", Middle School Journal, 16, pp.
  26-27.
• Fonteyn, D. (1985) Classroom control. London
  Methuen/British Psychological Society.
• Grey, H. Freeman, A. (1988) Teaching with
  stress. London Paul Chapman.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 3. In-text referencing
• Once you have created a list of bibliographic
  references, like the ones previous, all you need
  to do in your own writing is to refer back to it.
  The way in which you do that will depend on
  whether you are referencing a citation, or
  referring, without citation, to the text in
  general, or some discussion, or information on a
  particular page or pages.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 3.1 Referencing a Citation
• The general format of a citation reference is
  (Author, date, pp. n-m) placed at the end of the
  citation one line down, e.g.
• It is because of the difficulties inherent in
  doing any kind of research that teachers, who are
  extremely busy people, need to be encouraged and
  complimented for undertaking any kind of
  investigation into their own work.
  (Singh, 1994, p. 9)

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 3.2 Referring without Citation
• The fullest form of an in-text reference is
  (Author, Date , pp. n-m). However, the full
  form is often abbreviated further, depending on
  the purpose of the reference and the sense of the
  sentence to which it is attached.
• Sometimes you want to refer to an author as a
  general authority, or to an author's main or
  general theory or thesis. In those cases the
  reference does not need page numbers. It takes
  the form (Author, date )
• Example Collaboration was governed
  by common commitments to group identity, trust,
  respect and shared ownership of the task
  (Gustafson and Cooper, 1981 Henry, 1986) which
  had characterised previous dealings in training
  contexts.

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 3.2 Referring without Citation
• In other cases, where you are discussing closely
  a particular idea, or argument, or case, or
  example, or set of data referred to by an author,
  then you must supply page numbers, so that a
  reader can go exactly back to your source. You
  should then use the form (Author, date , pp.
  n-m)
• Example There was probably less
  scope for the non-, or less prejudiced to be
  heard and the exercise may have risked some
  reinforcement of prejudice attitudes, by seeming
  group acceptance (Bruin, 1986. p. 177).

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 3.2 Referring without Citation
• Sometimes, you will have named the author, and no
  other, within the last few words. Then the
  author's name can be omitted. So you use the
  forms (Date ) or (Date , pp. n-m)
  depending on whether the reference is general, or
  to particular text
• Examples Racism, according to Nixon
  (1975b), whether individual or systematic, is
  more than a set of beliefs.
• Bruner et al. (1980) cited in Coffield (1983, p.
  205) state that "the best learning takes place
  when the learner takes charge".

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• 3.2 Referring without Citation
• Where the number of authors is more than two, it
  is normal to use the abbreviation "et al." in
  in-text referencing. Usage depends on the sense
  of the sentence
• Examples Bell et al. (1984)
  offer a rich discussion of a variety of
  approaches to small-scale educational enquiries,
  supported by paradigmatic case studies.
• Arguments for the value of qualitative and
  naturalistic research methods in practitioner
  development have been advanced in recent debate
  (Bell, et al., 1984 Carr and Kemmis, 1986).

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BIBLIOGRAPHIC REFERENCES THE HARVARD SYSTEM

• Web/Internet References
• The same citation/referring approach should be
  used within the text as for other forms of
  references. However within the reference list the
  URL address should be given and in addition the
  date on which the reference was located (since
  URL references may be updated by their authors).
  In instances where there is not a recognised
  author discretion needs to be used to choose some
  suitable identifier (such as the document name).
  Examples are shown below (Jones, 1995) and
  (softmeas.html, 1995) to clarify this approach.
• Jones, P.Y (1995). Software Measurement Case
  Studies of Twenty Organisations.
  http//xyza.edu.gatech/softmeas.html. Accessed
  11th February 1996.
• softmeas.html. (1995). Software Measurement Case
  Studies of Twenty Organisations.
  http//xyza.edu.gatech/softmeas.html. Accessed
  11th February 1996.