What environmental events?

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What environmental events?

• Very remote (in time) events PAST
• Natural selection
• Semi-remote events PAST
• Contingencies (respondent and operant)
• Current events PRESENT
• Presentation of stimuli (US, CS, SD, SD)
• Motivational emotional operations

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Chapter 20

• Behavioral Chains

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Behavioral Chain

• A sequence of stimuli and responses.
• Each response produces a change in the
  environment that acts as a discriminative
  stimulus (SD) for the next response.

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.behavior does not occur as random strings of
unrelated responses but in organized sequences,
called chains, in which each successive response
produces the stimuli, internal or external, that
determine what comes next. And when the time
arrives to initiate a new sequence of behavior,
that, too, is signaled by a change in stimulus
conditions. (Dinsmoor, 1995)
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Task Analysis

• A task analysis is
• an analysis of complex behavior and sequences
  (chains) of behavior into component responses.

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Eating Potatoes

• TASK ANALYSIS?
• Pick up fork
• Spear potato
• Lift fork to mouth
• Open mouth
• Place fork in mouth
• Close mouth
• Pull fork from mouth

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• TASK ANALYSIS
• Pick up fork
• Spear potato
• Lift fork to mouth
• Open mouth
• Place fork in mouth
• Close mouth
• Pull fork from mouth

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Dual Functioning Chained Stimuli

• A stimulus in a behavior chain reinforces the
  response that precedes it.
• That stimulus also acts as an SD or operandum for
  the response that follows it.

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Dual-Functioning Chained Stimuli
SD Sight of potatoes
Sr Oper. Fork in hand
Beh Pick up fork
Behavior Put fork in potato
Sr/SD Fork in potato
Behavior Raise fork
Sr/SD Fork raised
Behavior Put potato in mouth
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Dual Functioning Chained Stimuli

• A stimulus in a behavior chain reinforces the
  response that precedes it.
• That stimulus also acts as an SD or operandum for
  the response that follows it.

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Sr/SD Light on
Behavior Pull chain
Behavior Press lever
Sr/SD Dipper click
Behavior Approaches dipper
Sr Water
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SD
Behavior
After/Sr/SD Light on
Before
Behavior
After/Sr/SD
Before
After/Sr Water
Behavior
Before
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Forward Chain

• The establishment of the first link in a
  behavioral chain, with the addition of successive
  links, until the final link in acquired.

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SD Sight of potatoes
Train this link first
Sr Oper. Fork in hand
Beh Pick up fork
Behavior Put fork in potato
Sr/SD Fork in potato
Train this link second
Behavior Raise fork
Sr/SD Fork raised
Behavior Put potato in mouth
FORWARD CHAINING
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Total Task

• The simultaneous training of all links in a
  behavioral chain.

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Total Task
Training Links
Training Tools
Results
Each one of the hand washing steps
Physical guidance Verbal Instruction Praise Modeli
ng
Each one of the hand washing steps
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Backward Chaining

• The establishment of the final link in a
  behavioral chain, with the addition of preceding
  links until the first link is acquired.

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BACKWARD CHAINING
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BACKWARD CHAINING
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