Personal Values

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Personal Values

• Chapter 3

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Kohlbergs Theory of Moral Development

• Level One Pre-conventional Morality
• Stage 1 Punishment-Obedience Orientation
• Stage 2 Instrumental Relativist Orientation
• Level Two Conventional Morality
• Stage 3 Good Boy-Nice Girl Orientation
• Stage 4 Law and Order Orientation
• Level Three Post-Conventional Morality
• Stage 5 Social Contract Orientation
• Stage 6 Universal Ethical Principle Orientation

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Values Decisions

• You are responsible for your decisions at
  least, in part.
• Your values serve as guides
• For your decisions
• For your behavior

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Interests

• Involvement of all stakeholders in a decision
• Different groups (and individuals) will be
  affected differently
• Identify and weight interests

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Roles

• The hats we wear
• Each role has interests attached to it.
• Think about the different roles you play.

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Values

• Positive abstractions of what we see as
• Good
• Desirable
• Ideas that underlie our conversations
• What priority do we attach to individual values.

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Key Values inDecision Making

• Honesty
• Freedom
• Security
• Justice
• Efficiency

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The Cardinal Virtues

• Courage
• Discipline
• Wisdom
• Fairness

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Courage

• Habit of moderating emotions of
• Fear
• Boldness
• To achieve
• Rationale goal

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Discipline

• Habit of moderating emotions of
• Enjoyment
• Denial
• To achieve a
• Well ordered personal or professional life.

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Wisdom

• Habit of
• Recognizing good ends
• Choosing effective efficient means of achieving
  them
• Appropriate Ends and Means

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Fairness

• Habit of giving to others
• What they are due.

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Value Conflicts

• One value pitted against another

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Sample Value ConflictingSituations

• Should I file government reports with incorrect
  information to help move my organization forward
  on an important project?

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• Should I obey my employer and fire an employee
  when I believe this action is discriminatory?
• Should I share privileged or private information
  with an outsiders to enhance my own career or
  status?

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• Should I overlook my companys infraction of
  environmental laws?
• Should I take company property (e.g. computer
  software) home and make it my own?

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Value Priorities

• Practice Listening to Others with an Open Mind
• Offer Definitions of Values and Ask Others to do
  the Same.
• Refrain from Congratulating Yourself for Merely
  Announcing particular Value Priorities.
• Act on your values

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The Golden Rule

• Many interpretations and variations.
• All emphasize the importance of others.
• Can the Golden Rule cause undesirable results?
  Example?

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Public Disclosure Test

• How would public react?
• How would you feel?
• Could public disclosure lead to unethical conduct?

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Universalization Test

• What would the world be like if everyone copied
  my decision?
• Would the world be a better place?

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Ethical Theories

• Utilitarianism
• Look at consequences of actions
• Deontological ethical theory
• Doing ones duty
• Aristotles Virtue ethics

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UtilitarianismEthics of Consequences

• Impartial
• Greatest amount of pleasure over pain
• Greatest amount of happiness
• Greatest good for greatest number
• Least harm

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DeontologyEthics of Duty

• Doing the right thing
• For sake of duty or ethical law
• Focuses on motivation for action

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VirtueEthics of Character

• Who should I be?
• Traits that are habitual and good for people.
• Aristotle looked for moderation or middle
  ground not the extreme.

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Whistle Blowers

• Work groups characteristics
• Potential whistle-blowers characteristics
  relationship with group
• The situations characteristics