Alternatives to Realism Chapter 3'1

1
Alternatives to RealismChapter 3.1

• PSC 124
• Spring 2007
• Northrup

Images from google peace and women leaders
2
Overview

• Review PD, Bush Doctrine
• Liberalism vs. realism
• Rationality tragedy of commons
• Neoliberalism reciprocity
• Collective goods problem
• Regimes and hegemony
• Collective security
• Gender in IR
• Liberal vs. difference feminists
• Cynthia Enloe

3
Prisoners Dilemma
4
Bush Doctrine
AP Photo

• Policy that permits pre-emptive war as right of
  self defense against terrorists shift from
  containment
• Duty to pursue unilateral military actions when
  no acceptable multi-lateral options
• The US has, and intends to keep, military
  strengths beyond challenge stay sole military
  super power
• Actively promote democracy in all regions of
  the world
• How does Doctrine fit with sovereignty principle?
  Realism?

5
Liberalism vs. realism

• Note on realist/idealist vs. realist/liberal
• General view of liberal perspective
  interconnections between/among actors
• morality
• law
• international organizations
• cooperation (via regimes)
• These elements form basis for relations among
  nations

6
Four Critiques
7
RationalityTragedy of the Commons

• Rational actors can FORGO SHORT-TERM interests to
  further LONG-TERM well-being
• Tragedy of the Commons
• Garrett Hardin 1968
• Commons and herdsmen
• PD like situation
• Cooperation how?
• Trade example of win-win

8
Neoliberalism Reciprocity

• 1980s new liberal critique of realism
• Based on core liberal belief seeking long-term
  mutual gains often more rational (think of
  Tragedy of the Commons)
• Importance of international institutions
  (neoliberal institutionalism)
• Concedes some points to realism
• Focus on the principle of reciprocity

9
Collective goods problem

• Collective goods
• Tangible or intangible good
• Available to all members of a group
• Regardless of contributions
• Difficult to prevent non contributors from
  benefiting
• Like PD
• Free riders
• Domestically central authority can punish free
  riders
• Harder to prevent free riding in large group or
  in international arena

10
Dealing with Conflict Peacefully International
Regimes

• Set of rules, norms, and procedures
• Creates expectations
• Guides action
• Can create transparency
• Examples - diplomacy, trade
• Can overcome collective goods dilemmas
• Coordinated behaviors of states
• Example of Kyoto Protocols

11
When are Regimes Most Effective? - Hegemony

• Hegemonic stability theory
• One predominant state
• Can enforce unilaterally
• So equivalent of central authority
• Why would hegemon WANT to enforce?
• Can regime exist when hegemon declines?

12
Dealing with Potential Violent Conflict -
Collective security

• Broad alliance of majority of major actors
• Join because can jointly oppose an aggressor
• League of Nations an attempt
• Success depends on what?

13
Gender in IR

• Cynthia Enloe Feminist IR Scholar
• If we use only conventional ungendered terms,
  ideas, measures to examine IR, then we will see
  only a world of men and we miss women, womens
  issues, and womens lives
• By not doing an analysis of masculinity and
  femininity, we do not understand the construction
  of IR in its totality
• Examples of gendered nature of politics? War?

14
World Leaders at Millennium Summit 2000
Gathered at an historic Millennium Summit for
three days in September, leaders from virtually
every country in the world agreed on a set of
common values for the new century and upheld the
central role of the United Nations in promoting
peace, prosperity and justice worldwide. Link
15
Definitions of Danger and Security

• Conventional definition
• Terrorism
• Threat of nuclear war
• Alternative definition
• Starving children
• Aids in Africa
• Malnourished babies in Africa fed formula
• Sweat shops
• Workers locked in at their factories

16
Considering Gender in IR

• Where women are left out
• Where men are left out
• Where included
• Definitions of masculinity and femininity
• What about Margaret Thatcher argument liberal
  vs. difference feminists

17
Difference vs. Liberal Feminists

• Realism rests on masculine view of world
• Autonomy
• Moral reasoning abstract rules of right and
  wrong and individual rights
• States as autonomous actors etc.
• War and fighting
• Femininity
• Relationship and connection
• Moral reasoning context matters, preservation
  of relationships
• International organizations
• Peace and cooperation

18
Difference vs. Liberal Feminists

• Women and men are equal, not different
• Focus on exclusion of women from
• Leadership
• Combat positions
• Academia
• Women likely to behave like me in a similar
  context
• For women participating in key foreign policy
  positions, in the military

19
Overlapping Bell Curves
Difference feminists
Liberal feminists