Status of Global Advancement

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Status of Global Advancement of Biotechnology
in All Areas
Duane R. Berglund and Phil McClean Department of
Plant Science North Dakota State University
September 22, 2005
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The Crop Biotech Market Is Dominated By Five
Countriesa
6.7/13 ma (6.0/10 ma)
58.8/118 ma (63/106 ma)
4.6/9 ma (3/7 ma)
6.2/12 ma (3/7 ma)
20.0/40 ma (21/36 ma)
Top Five Countries 96 of market 20 increase
in biotech acreage from 2003
a2004 growing season data. http//www.isaaa.org/Pr
ess_release/Briefs30-2003/press/b30_english.htm
2003 in parentheses.
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Impact of GM Crops on Worldwide Crop Production
GM crops are grown on 5 of the 3.7 billion acres
of cultivated land in the world
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Global Value of Biotech Crop Market

• 2004 market value of Biotech crops was 4.70
  Billion
• Represented 15 of the total global crop value of
  32.5 Billion
• Projected global Biotech crop value in 2005 is a
  gt 5 Billion
• Source CropBiotech.Net

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The Latest Biotech News
ND GMO Planting Decisions (Winter 2005)

• New law enacted during 2005 legislative session
• Only the ND state government has the authority
  to ban
• plantings of GMO crops
• Response to laws passed at county level in other
  states

EU Approving GMO-free Zones (May 2005)

• European Union GMO regulations permit regions
• to declare themselves GMO Free
• Otherwise approved GMO products can be grown
• 162 regions or provinces (like states in USA)
  have asked to be GMO free
• 4500 total government units have made the request

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Economic Effect of Bt Cotton In China

• 200/acre increase in income

• 750 million increase nationally

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Benefits to Hungarian Farmers
Trait Total benefit Farmer realized Industry realized
Bt corn (european cornborer) 3 mill 76 24
Bt corn (Western corn rootworm) 16 mill 65 35
Herbicide tolerant maize 14 mill 73 27
Herbicide tolerant sugarbeet 3 mill 50 50
From Demont et al. 2005. Potential impact of
biotechnology in eastern Europe transgenic
maize, sugar beet, and oilseed rape in Hungary.
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Herbicide resistant crops

• current soybean, corn, canola, cotton, alfalfa
• coming sugarbeet (on hold), lettuce,
  strawberry,
• wheat (on hold), Turf grass
• resistance gene from bacteria is source

Source Monsanto
Virus resistance

• papaya, squash, potato
• resistance gene from a virus

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Whats Being Looked at Today in the Biotechnology
Labs.

• Healthcare
• 130 medicines and vaccines
• 350 products in clinical trials
• Environmental Cleanup
• Microorganisms to clean-up waste
• Industrial Processes
• Reduce impact of processes in cleaning, textile
  and paper industries

• Food Applications
• Enzymes for cheese, yogurt, baked goods, wine
• Agriculture
• Insect control
• Other agronomic traits fusarium, leaf
  rust, drought and salt tolerance
• Improved Quality of grains
• Food applications
• Animal Healthcare and
• Marine Life

Source Biotechnology Industry Organization (BIO)
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Bacterial and Animal Biotechnology Products
Biotech chymosin

• enzyme used to curdle milk products
• gene from yeast
• harvested from GE bacteria
• replaces the calf enzyme

Source Chr. Hansen
bST (bovine somatotropin)

• increases milk production
• gene from cow
• protein harvested from GE bacteria
• replaces cow protein originally
• harvested from pituitary glands
• of slaughtered cows

Source Rent Mother Nature
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Next Generation of Ag Biotech Products
Golden Rice

• Increased Vitamin A content
• Transgenes from bacteria and daffidol
• Controversory large amount needed to
• solve problem and is a culture issue!!

Sunflower

• White mold resistance
• Resistance gene from wheat

Source Minnesota Microscopy Society
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Environmental Applications
Indicator bacteria

• contamination is detected in the environment
• microbes sensitive to certain pollutants

Bioremediation

• cleanup contaminated sites
• uses microbes designed to degrade
• the pollutant

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Land Mine Detection
Without this effort, that is dangerous to
our military,
children are maimed.
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Land Mine Detection

• How biotechnology helps
• Patented transgene added to plants
• When metal from mine is detected
• Plant turns from green to red
• Technology developed by Aresa Biodetection

Mine detected
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Biotechnology and Health
Product Use
Insulin Diabetes
Interferon Cancer
Interleukin Cancer
Human growth hormone Dwarfism
Neuroactive proteins Pain
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Edible Vaccines A Biopharming Dream Biotech
Plants Serving Human Health Needs

• A pathogen protein gene is cloned
• Gene is inserted into the DNA of plant (potato,
  banana, tomato)
• Plant must be isolated and highly regulated!
• Humans eat the plant
• The body produces antibodies against pathogen
  protein
• Human are immunized against the pathogen
• Examples
• Diarrhea
• Hepatitis B
• Measles

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Future Health-related Biotech Products
Vaccines

• Herpes
• hepatitis C
• AIDS
• malaria

Tooth decay

• Streptococcus mutans, the mouth bacteria
• releases lactic acid that destroys enamel
• engineered Streptococcus mutans
• does not release lactic acid
• destroys the tooth decay strain
• of bacteria

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Top Biotechnologies In The Future

• Nutritionally Enriched Crops
• Malnutrition is widespread
• Malnutrition is associated with many diseases
• Modification of staple crops necessary
• to solve the problem

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Precautionary Principle Why Europe Regulates
Biotech Products

• Precautionary Principle States
• Commercial activities can be restricted by
  governments
• IF a scientific or environment risk is perceived
  
• EVEN IF conclusive data is NOT YET available
• It is
• A key principle that underlies European Union
  approaches
• to regulating biotech products
• Incorporated into the Maastricht Treaty that
  lead to
• the formation of the EU

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Precautionary Principle
Effects of Applying the Principle

• The principle makes it difficult to
• determine when risk avoidance should take
  precedence
• over the general welfare
• At its most basic, the principle
• Regulates mans excitement of the new and novel
• Can prevent the most unexpected damage from
  occurring
• As interpreted the principle requires that
• Biotech products should be regulated until
• compelling evidence proves they are safe

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What Would Lead to Acceptance of GMO Products?
Significantly Lower Prices

• Norway (2003 study)
• Consumers would buy the product over non-GMO
  bread
• If the cost of GMO bread 49.5 lower
• Japan (2004 study)
• Consumers would preferentially buy GMO-base
  product
• If the cost of GMO noodles was gt50 lower
• England (2001 study)
• Men would pay 26 extra to avoid GMO technology
• Woman would pay 49 extra to avoid GMO technology

Data quoted from AgBioForum (2004) 770-75
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Other Attitudes Toward Biotechnology
Developing Countries

• China
• Will pay
• 16 premium for GM oil
• 38 premium for GMO rice
• 35 premium for processed GMO potato products
• Colombia
• 66 would try GMO products
• GMO products most favorable to those with
  limited
• access to high quality food

Data quoted from AgBioForum (2004) 770-75
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Why Are Attitudes Different??

• In these countries,
• An urgent need for available, nutritious food of
• good quality exitsted
• Individuals trusted their government
• Science in general had a positive public opinion
• These attitudes are opposite of those expressed
  in
• European public opinion pools.

Data quoted from AgBioForum (2004) 770-75
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Thanks for your attentionANY QUESTIONS