GLOBAL WARMING

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Ethics of Development in a Global Environment
War Peace Portland State University- Fall 2006
GLOBAL WARMING
VIKRAM DHARANIPATHI
MS (ECE)
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WHAT IS GLOBAL WARMING?
Global warming is the gradual increase in global
temperatures caused by the emission of gases that
trap the sun's heat in the Earth's atmosphere.

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CAUSES OF GLOBAL WARMING

• Human Population Clearly this is the biggest
  cause of the global warming. There are 2.73
  people born every second. The human population is
  now fast approaching seven billion. The strain
  this is putting on the earth's resources is
  showing. Instead of using the best available
  technology, low-income nations are seeking to
  advance using the same dirty technology that
  industrialized countries have used. They are
  opting for coal-fired power plants, gas guzzling
  cars, and inefficient factories. Much of this
  technology was sold to low income nations by
  industrialized nations, so rich nations bear part
  of the blame.

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• Industrial Emissions
• With advance in Science in Technology and
  Industrial Revolutions industries have been
  established world wide. These industries have so
  far made our lives comfortable and striving
  forward to make our lives easier than yesterday
  but at cost of a hazardous and dangerous
  environment. Developing countries, especially
  those with rapid population growth, promise to
  worsen this problem as they too develop, using
  the model of wasteful, energy intensive
  economies.

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• Vehicle Emissions The biggest source of CO2
  emissions is vehicle emissions. With increasing
  population the need for transportation has grown
  exponentially. More than 95 of the world
  automobiles and other vehicles run on petroleum
  which is the source of CO2. The resultant of
  burning of Petroleum is dangerous CO2 which is
  also hazardous to health and environment

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World Carbon Dioxide Emissions from the
Consumption and Flaring of Fossil Fuels,
2000-2004 (Million Metric Tons of Carbon
Dioxide)
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• Deforestation Trees play a unique role in
  the global carbon cycle. Today, the shrinking
  world forests are not able to absorb all the CO2
  created by human beings while burning fossil
  fuels. Everyday over 5500 acres of rain forest
  are destroyed, and over 50 million acres are
  destroyed every year. Global CO2 levels rise
  approximately 0.4 percent each year, to levels
  not experienced on this planet for millions of
  years. Planting more trees and reducing timber
  cuts world-wide will help restore the imbalance.

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THE GREEN HOUSE EFFECT

• Sunlight enters the Earth's atmosphere, passing
  through the blanket of greenhouse gases. As it
  reaches the Earth's surface, land, water, and
  biosphere absorb the sunlights energy. Once
  absorbed, this energy is sent back into the
  atmosphere. Some of the energy passes back into
  space, but much of it remains trapped in the
  atmosphere by the greenhouse gases, causing our
  Earth to warm up.

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GREENHOUSE EFFECT
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Enhanced Greenhouse Effect

• Increases in the earth's temperature can occur
  naturally as a result of climatic fluctuations
  caused, for example, by solar cycles and changes
  in the sun's radiation. Human activity such as
  burning of fossil fuels (coal, oil and natural
  gas) and land clearing, however, are increasing
  the concentration of greenhouse gases in the
  atmosphere. These additional gases are like
  additional blankets around the earth. They allow
  the sun's energy to reach the earth's surface,
  but they prevent more heat escaping.

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IMPACTS OF GLOBAL WARMING

• Rising Sea Levels Sea levels have already risen
  almost one foot in the last 100 years, and will
  rise another one to two feet by the middle of the
  next century. Fourteen of the worlds' 15 largest
  cities are situated on seacoasts, and many homes
  are located at elevations that will be submerged
  in the future. Vast portions of cities such as
  Cairo, Egypt and countries like Bangladesh will
  be under water.

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• Increase in Extreme Weather Events Global
  warming could make extreme weather the norm. Both
  droughts and floods are predicted to become more
  common and severe, with potentially devastating
  results for agriculture around the world. With
  urban populations at an all time high, cities and
  the people living in them are more vulnerable
  then ever to extreme weather. A warming
  atmosphere and ocean make for a great deal of
  extra energy available for the creation of weather

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• Infectious Disease Outbreaks The warming of the
  earth is already causing infectious diseases like
  malaria and dengue fever to spread, leading to
  outbreaks in new places - including the United
  States. Higher temperatures mean that the insects
  and vermin which carry disease can now survive in
  places they couldn't before. Many of the world's
  poorest people now live in crowded urban areas
  that lack even basic health care or sanitation,
  increasing their risk of infection. As much as
  65 of the world's population will be at risk of
  infection, up from 45 today.

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• Glacier Retreat

Lewis Glacier, North Cascades, Washington in 1992
after melting away in 1990
If the Himalayan glacial melts The melt of
these glaciers is a large and reliable source of
water for China, India, and much of Asia, and
these waters form the principal dry-season water
source many of the regions major rivers,
including the Ganges. Increased melting would
cause greater flow for several decades, after
which " some areas of the most populated regions
on Earth are likely to 'run out of water' "
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• Impact on other forms of Life
• Human activities have not only put themselves
  in danger but also other species living on Earth.
  Some of the beautiful species like the Polar
  Bears are on the verge of extinction as
  consequence of Global Warming. Study of polar
  bears on Hudson Bay showed that rising
  temperatures are thinning the pack ice from which
  the bears hunt, driving them to shore weeks
  before they've caught enough food to get them
  through hibernation.

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KYOTO PROTOCOL

• The Kyoto Protocol is an agreement made under the
  United Nations Framework Convention on Climate
  Change (UNFCCC)
• Countries that ratify this protocol commit to
  reduce their emissions of carbon dioxide and
  five other greenhouse gases, or engage in
  emissions trading if they maintain or increase
  emissions of these gases.
• The Kyoto Protocol now covers more than 160
  countries globally and over 55 of global
  greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions.

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Kyoto Protocol Members
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United States stand on Kyoto Protocol

• The United States for the year 2005 was the
  largest single emitter of carbon dioxide from the
  burning of fossil fuels. The current President
  has indicated that he does not intend to submit
  the treaty for ratification, not because he does
  not support the Kyoto principles, but because of
  the exemption granted to China.

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OIL CRISIS

• It is estimated that the world has less than 40
  years of oil reserves if all known oil reserves
  were recoverable. Natural gas is following the
  same pattern as oil and it too will run out in
  less than 60 years. Life will not continue as is
  until every last drop is gone. There continues to
  be small amounts of oil proven as reserves around
  the world, but not in the quantities that will
  alter the clear shortages and competition for it.
  Energy is essential to modern society as we know
  it. Over 85 of our energy demands are met by the
  combustion of fossil fuels. Fossil fuels are the
  lifeblood of our society and for many others
  around the world. Our supply has a finite end,
  which is why we are willing to go to war for it
  and make friends with those we really hate.

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Alternate Sources of Energy

• Energy poverty is seriously impeding
  socio-economic development in the world's poorest
  countries. Noting that in the developing
  countries some 1.6 billion people still lack
  access to electricity and about 2.4 billion
  continue to rely on traditional biomass like wood
  for cooking and heating. Countries like Brazil
  which have rich fertile lands and forests and
  idle land for agriculture have started to use
  Biodiesel and Ethanol as alternative sources of
  energy. The results are very impressive these
  energy resources are not only meeting the energy
  demands of Brazil of but also have decreased
  their dependency on foreign countries for energy.

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• Brazils alternative to Oil Brazil, with a
  population 187,560,000 is the largest and most
  populous country in South America, and fifth
  largest in the world in both area and population.
  It is home to both extensive agricultural lands
  and rain forests, exploring vast natural
  resources and a large labor pool and South
  America's leading economic power. To meet its
  energy demands the country has made great advance
  in using Sugarcane as their source for alternate.
  Brazil has found an alternative to oil that it is
  touting as the future of fuel

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Brazil Sugar Cane Industry

• land use 45,000 km² in 2000
• labour 1 million jobs (50 farming, 50
  processing)
• sugarcane 344 million metric tons (50 sugar,
  50 alcohol)
• sugar 23 million tons (30 is exported)
• ethanol 14 million m³ (7.5 anhydrous, 6.5
  hydrated 2.4 is exported)
• dry bagasse 50 million tons
• electricity 1350 MW (1200 for self use, 150 sold
  to utilities) in 2001

• According to a United Nations Development Program
  study, ethanol production in Brazil has helped
  reverse migration to large urban areas and
  increased the quality of life for rural
  Brazilians
• Other countries are looking to get in on Brazil's
  act on their own. India, the second-largest
  producer of sugar, is pushing a plan to buy
  10,000 hectares from Brazil privately and produce
  cheap biofuels. This would be a boost to Brazil's
  agriculture industry and would provide India with
  a cheap and reliable source of ethanol.

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Brazil Ethanol Exports (2003-2004)
The U.S., potentially the largest market for the
Brazilian ethanol, currently imposes trade
restrictions on the product in order to encourage
domestic production of corn ethanol, which is,
however, much less efficient than its sugarcane
counterpart.
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Biodiesel and Ethanol in Africa

• China has just launched an ambitious biofuels
  program of its own it is also beginning to
  recognize Africa's large potential for the
  production of biofuels, in which it clearly wants
  to invest.
• Like Brazil, Nigeria is taking a more top-down
  supply-led approach than has perhaps been evident
  in other countries, many of whose policies are
  more market-driven.
• Brazil is to initially supply Nigeria with fuel
  ethanol in order to develop the market and fuel
  supply infrastructure. Both countries signed a
  memorandum of understanding in 2005.
• For a number of reasons, including an
  agricultural sector that enjoys relatively low
  land and labor costs, many see sub-Saharan Africa
  as well suited to pioneer the development of
  biofuel as an alternative energy source for the
  continent and the world.
• In a bid to decrease its dependence on oil and
  produce environmentally-friendly energy, Senegal
  will cooperate with Brazil and India to launch a
  biofuel production program by 2007.

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Other Alternate Sourcec of Energy

• Wind Energy Wind energy, the world's fastest
  growing energy source, is a clean and renewable
  source of energy that has been in use for
  centuries in Europe and more recently in the
  United States and other nations. Wind turbines,
  both large and small, produce electricity for
  utilities and homeowners and remote villages.

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• Solar energy, provided by the sun, is
  constantly replenished and will not produce
  harmful pollution unlike fossil fuels. Solar
  energy may be used passively, such as to heat and
  light buildings, or technology may be used to
  harness the sun's energy by collecting it and
  transforming it to generate electricity. Current
  technologies include photovoltaic, concentrating
  solar, solar hot water, and more.

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• Hydroelectricity Electrical energy generated by
  harnessing the power of moving - but not
  necessarily falling - water is referred to as
  hydroelectric power. Hydroelectric energy is
  produced using the same basic principle as a
  simple grist mill, but with vastly improved
  efficiency. Hydroelectric generators direct the
  flow of water through massive turbine devices
  which are much more efficient at extracting the
  kinetic energy from the moving water and turning
  it into electricity through the rotation of
  electrical generators

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• Apart from the above sources there other sources
  of energy which can be used an alternative source
  to fossil fuels which are hazardous to
  environment and also depleting at a fast rate.
  Renewable energy has an important role to play in
  reducing Carbon Dioxide (CO2) emissions - a major
  Community objective. Increasing the share of
  renewable energy in the energy balance enhances
  sustainability. It also helps to improve the
  security of energy supply by reducing the
  Community's growing dependence on fossil fuels.
  Renewable energy sources are expected to be
  economically competitive with conventional energy
  sources in the medium to long term. Therefore,
  alternative sources of energy have become very
  important and relevant to todays world.

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What can we do ?

• Some scientists argue that Global Warming has
  already and it is only the matter of time when
  its consequences are felt.
• The question which arises now is that can we
  stop it or get used to it.
• Getting used to it is definitely not the
  solution for the long run because the of the rate
  it is happening
• How is the question that needs to be answered
• Developed countries should educate and bring
  awareness among the people of the developing and
  poor under developed countries
• Money which is being spent on war technology and
  research can be used for developing technologies
  which are useful for mankind.

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• Countries which are completely depend on oil for
  their income should try and develop technologies
  which can be used for making use of alternative
  sources of energies
• As countries of the world continue for supremacy
  and oil it is time for us to wake up, save life
  and our only home.
• Countries like Brazil have taken a good
  initiative for decreasing dependency on oil and
  can be taken as a very good example.
• It is responsibility of the each and every
  individual in this world to do his part because
  we are here.
• Development at the cost of destruction is not the
  way things have to go for survival.

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• U.S. Energy Information Administration, June 2006

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The Energy Blog

• NOV 8  The productivity of Brazilian land
  growing sugar cane for processing into ethanol
  will more than double by 2023 because of new
  technology, according to Brazilian commodity
  brokerage Sociedade Corretora De Alcool Trading
  SA. The capacity to convert sugar cane into
  ethanol will increase to 13,000 liters of ethanol
  per hectare of arable land, from 6,000 liters,
  said SCA director Jacyr Costa Filho. Sugar cane
  yields more ethanol than other feedstocks used to
  produce ethanol. Corn yields 3,700 liters of
  ethanol a hectare and wheat 1,130 liters.

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Ethanol in Africa

• Though the cultivation of industrial sugarcane
  suffered a serious setback due to the poor
  performance of the government-owned sugar
  companies (now privatised), there is no doubt
  about the huge potential for growing sugarcane on
  a large scale in Nigeria, particularly along the
  entire length and breadth of the rivers Niger and
  Benue. The states of Jigawa (northern Nigeria),
  Benue and Taraba (middle belt region of Nigeria)
  are targets for further agricultural development,
  and further feasibility studies are planned for
  individual locations within each state.
• Kupolokun recently met with the Benue state
  governor George Akume to discuss how NNPC could
  work to secure land and kick off initial
  partnerships in the region to generate a
  programme which would "improve automotive exhaust
  emissions in the country, reduce domestic use of
  petrol, free up more crude for export and
  position Nigeria for development of the green
  fuel."

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African researchers and growers are banking on
sustainable cocoa

• Unless a viable agronomic alternative can rapidly
  be transferred to smallholders in order to
  sedentarize cocoa production, the economic and
  social situation in these cocoa-growing zones may
  eventually become critical.In response to this
  agronomic and socioeconomic challenge, CIRAD
  researchers and their partners opted to set up an
  African research network. The network falls under
  the aegis of the Cocoa Producers Alliance (COPAL)
  and the West and Central African Council for
  Agricultural Research and Development
  (CORAF/WECARD), and comprises 35 researchers from
  32 research and development organizations in the
  leading five cocoa-producing countries in Africa
  Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria and Cameroon.

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• BRAZIL President H.E. Mr. Luiz Inácio Lula da
  Silva
• CAMEROON President H.E. Mr. Paul Biya
• CÔTE D'IVOIRE President H.E. Mr. Laurent Gbagbo
• DOMINICAN REPUBLIC President H.E. Leonel
  Fernández Reyna
• GABON President H.E. Mr. El Hadj Omar BONGO
• GHANA President H.E. Mr. John Agyekum Kufour
• MALAYSIA Prime Minister H.E. Datuk Abdullah Ahmad
  Badawi
• NIGERIA President H.E.Mr. Chief OLUSEGUN OBASANJO
  (GCFR)
• SÃO TOMÉ PRÍNCIPE President H.E. Mr. Fradique
  de Menezes
• TOGO President H.E. Mr. Faure Essozimna Gnassingbé

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International Programme on the Elimination of
Child Labour IPEC

• In the Northern provinces of Thailand, the
  prevention of child labour and children in
  prostitution is no longer an action taken by one
  or two small NGOs. As a result of IPEC action
  over the last five years, children, parents,
  teachers, local government bodies and NGOs all
  join hands in a concerted effort against the
  recruitment of young girls for prostitution and
  other forms of child labour, the situation which
  has resulted in many children becoming victims of
  slavery practices in recent years.

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The Office of the Prosecutor is one of the four
organs of the International Criminal Court. It is
headed by the Chief Prosecutor, who is elected by
the Assembly of States Parties and has full
authority over the management and the
administration of the Office, including the
staff, facilities and other resources of the
Office. The Chief Prosecutor is Mr. Luis
Moreno-Ocampo who took office on 16 June 2003 by
pledging his solemn undertaking as required by
article 45 of the Rome Statute.

• As of 1st January 2007, 104 countries are States
  Parties to the Rome Statute of the International
  Criminal Court. Out of them 29 are African
  States, 12 are Asian States, 15 are from Eastern
  Europe, 22 are from Latin America and the
  Caribbean, and 26 are from Western Europe and
  other States.

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Judge Philippe Kirsch (Canada) as President,
Judge Akua Kuenyehia (Ghana) as First
Vice-President, Judge René BLATTMANN (Bolivia)
as Second Vice-President

• The International Labour Organization (ILO) has
  estimated that 250 million children between the
  ages of five and fourteen work in developing
  countriesat least 120 million on a full time
  basis. Sixty-one percent of these are in Asia, 32
  percent in Africa, and 7 percent in Latin
  America. Most working children in rural areas are
  found in agriculture many children work as
  domestics urban children work in trade and
  services, with fewer in manufacturing and
  construction.
• On July 17, 1998, in Rome, delegates representing
  160 countries voted by an overwhelming majority
  to establish a permanent International Criminal
  Court (ICC) to try persons charged with
  committing war crimes, crimes against humanity,
  and genocide. Upon its establishment, the court
  will provide a powerful deterrent to the
  conscription, enlistment, or use in hostilities
  of children under the age of fifteen years
  conduct defined as a war crime in the ICC
  statute. The statute also included other
  important measures to protect children in armed
  conflict it recognized intentional attacks on
  educational institutions as a war crime, provided
  special arrangements for children as victims and
  witnesses, and exempted children below the age of
  eighteen from prosecution by the court.