Q- What are counting and collecting methods?

1
Q- What are counting and collecting methods?

• A pooters, nets, pit-fall traps, quadrats

2
Q- Give two limitations of counting and
collecting methods

• A- sample size affects accuracy of measurement
• - samples may be unrepresentative of the
  population

3
Q- What is a natural ecosystem?

• A an ecosystem where humans have not interfered
  with by using
• Weed killers
• Pesticides
• Fertilisers

4
Q What is the main difference between natural
and artificial ecosystems?

• A Biodiversity
• Natural ecosystems will have greater diversity as
  nothing is being killed off by humans

5
Q Why is it difficult to classify some
organisms e.g. Archaeopteryx?

• A they may have characteristics of different
  classes e.g. bird and reptile

6
Q Define the term species

• A organisms of the same species are capable of
  interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

7
Q What is a hybrid?

• A offspring produced when individuals of
  different species have successfully bred
  together. Usually infertile

8
Q Why are dolphins and whales described as
mammals when they appear similar to fish e.g.
sharks?

• A Give birth to live young, feed young on milk

9
Q Give the word and symbol equation for
photosynthesis

• A (light energy)
• Carbon water glucose oxygen
• Dioxide (chlorophyll)
• CO2 H2O ? C6H12O6 6O2

10
Q Why is starch used for storage?

• A It is insoluble so you can keep it in one place

11
Q What can limit the rate of photosynthesis?

• A carbon dioxide concentration
• Light intensity
• Temperature
• Water rarely

12
Q Why do plants take carbon dioxide in and give
out oxygen during the day and do the reverse at
night?

• A
• Day photosynthesis gt respiration
• Night photosynthesis lt respiration
• Key Respiration remains at a constant rate day
  and night

13
Q What do plants compete for?

• A space, minerals, light

14
Q What is intraspecific competition?

• A competition between individuals of the same
  species
• Interspecific is between different species
  occupying the same niche

15
Q Explain the terms parasitism and mutualism

• A Both are where survival of an organism
  depends upon the presence of another species
• Parasitism where only the parasite benefits
  from the relationship
• Mutualism both species benefit

16
Q give an example of mutualism

• A nitrogen fixing bacteria in the root nodules
  of leguminous plants
• Bacteria gain sugars
• Plant gains nitrates

17
Q Explain how a polar bear is adapted to cold
arctic conditions

• A
• Thick white fur for camouflage and insulation
• Layer of fat for insulation
• Sharp claws to grip ice
• Strong legs for running and swimming
• Large size and small ears to reduce surface area
  for heat loss
• Large feet to spread load on snow
• Fur on soles for insulation and grip

18
Q Explain how a camel is adapted to dry dessert
conditions

• A
• hump containing fat so that it does not insulate
  the whole body
• Tolerance to body temp rises so that it does not
  need to sweat
• Bushy eyelashes and hair-lined nostrils that can
  close up to stop sand entering
• Large feet to spread load on sand

19
Q Explain how a cactus is adapted to hot dry
conditions

• A
• Rounded shape provides a reduced surface
  area/volume ration to reduce water loss
• Thick cuticle reduces water loss
• leaves reduced to spines to reduce water losses
  and discourage animals
• Green stem for photosynthesis
• Storage of water to withstand droughts
• Long roots to reach water

20
Q Explain how some plants are adapted for wind
pollination

• A Feathery stigmas
• Small light pollen

21
Q Explain how plants are adapted for insect
pollination

• A Colourful petals
• Nectar
• sticky pollen

22
Q Describe how organisms may have become
fossilised

• A
• Hard body parts
• Covered in sediment, gradual replacement by
  minerals
• Casts/impressions
• Preservation in amber, peat bogs, tar pits, ice

23
Q Why is the fossil record incomplete

• A
• Some body parts particularly soft tissue decay so
  dont fossilise
• Fossilisation rarely occurs
• Fossils not yet discovered

24
Q Explain the theory of natural selection

• A
• Presence of natural variation
• Competition for limited resources
• Survival of the fittest
• Inheritance of successful adaptations
• Extinction of species unable to compete

25
Q How is global warming caused?

• A increasing levels of carbon dioxide block the
  suns radiation from escaping the Earths
  atmosphere

26
Q How is acid rain caused?

• A increases in sulphur dioxide released from
  burning of fossil fuels
• Dissolves in rain water causing it to become
  slightly acidic

27
Q What is an indicator species?

• A a species that can only survive in certain
  conditions
• Presence indicates the conditions that they are in

28
Q describe reasons why animals become
extinct/endangered

• A
• Climate change
• Habitat destruction
• Hunting
• Pollution
• competition

29
Q describe how endangered species can be helped

• A
• Protecting habitats
• Legal protection
• Education programmes
• Captive breeding programmes
• Creating artificial ecosystems