Strategy for Offshore Aquaculture in Korea

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Strategy for Offshore Aquaculture in Korea
Jung-Uie LEE Jeju Fisheries Institute,
NFRDI justlee_at_momaf.go.kr
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Status of Korean Aquaculture
Statistical data of fishery aquaculture
Production between fishery and aquaculture
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Annual aquaculture production
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Finfish aquaculture production in year 2003
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Histological review and future scheme in Korean
aquaculture
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Problems in Korean Aquaculture?

• What?

? Structural character Focused only technical
point excluding culture ground management ?
over-cultured in the South Sea ? highly
damaged annually by red tides and typhoons ?
Management high cost and low efficient business
? Technical view traditional small scale
culture system ? Domestic and overseas
circumstances Internally demanding
environment-friendly, leisure-related
aquaculture Externally importing low-cost
fishery products
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How to solve?

• 1. By improving the existing systems

? Four strategic projects in NFRDI ? Species
improvement by genetic technology ?
Environment-friendly aquaculture by formulated
feed development ? Prevention of epidemic
damage by quarantine and vaccine development
? Reduction of labor cost by semi-/automation
12 Hatcheries ? 7 Specialized Centers (Genetics,
Feed, etc.)
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• 2. Paradigm shift of coastal net-cage systems

? Relocation of aquaculture grounds Inshore
? Finfish aquaculture within environmental
capacity ? Ecosystem-based aquaculture
such as polyculture ? Improvement of
environmental conditions by seaweed culture
? Leisure/tourism-oriented coastal management
Offshore ? Large industrialized cage
aquaculture
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? Strengthening competitiveness
Structure Quantity-oriented? Quality
and/or safety-oriented aquaculture
Intensive? Extensive and/or responsible
aquaculture Integrated ?
Environment-sustainable and/or friendly
aquaculture Culture site Near-shore?
Offshore aquaculture Scale
Family-managed? Industrialized business
Small-scale? Large-scale industry
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Schematic drawing of aquaculture grounds
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Offshore aquaculture project
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Outline
Name of project Development of Fundamental
Technology
for Offshore Aquaculture Period Three years
(year 20052007) Team formation and major roles
Jeju Fisheries Institute, NFRDI develop target
fish, culture techniques
and formulated feeds Engineering
department, NFRDI develop net-cages suitable
for Korean
environmental conditions Environment
department, NFRDI monitor environmental factors
Noah Offshore Farm practice actual farming
business Fund For research 200 million won
of RD from NFRDI For business around one
billion won from Noah Offshore Farm
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• What is the goal?

Paradigm Shift of Korean Aquaculture
Increase potential aquaculture grounds utilizing
open sea Produce environment-friendly and
food-safety culture products Reduce damages by
typhoons and red tides
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How to get there?
Import offshore cages and practice business
Establishing Korean offshore aquaculture basis
Develop specialized net systems suitable for
Korean environment
Establish model for offshore aquaculture
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What are yearly plans?
Year Team names Major activities
2005 Culture technique team Engineering team Environmental monitoring team License for experimental offshore aquaculture from MOMAF Import and settlement of offshore net-cages Potential target species for offshore aquaculture Monitoring on net-cages in Jeju sea Effects against currents and typhoons Environmental monitoring around net-cages Modeling of water flows
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Year Team names Major activities
2006 Culture technique team Engineering team Environmental monitoring team Development of seed production on target fish Field test of practical diets for offshore aquaculture Analysis on annual profitability Develop and practical test on Korean-style offshore net-cage Environmental monitoring around net-cages Modeling of water flows
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Year Teams Major activities
2007 Culture techniques Engineering Environmental monitoring Development of target fish for Korean offshore aquaculture Analysis on annual profitability Support on the offshore aquaculture planning to MOMAF Develop and practical test on Korean-style offshore net-cage Environmental monitoring around net-cages Modeling of water flows
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What are the affecting factors for offshore
aquaculture?
1. Where to settle? Environmentally W.T.,
currents, depth, substrates Stability of
net-cages against strong waves Other
facilities seedlings, port, consuming city 2.
Which systems? 3. What kinds of species to
culture? 4. How about manpower? 5. Other
considerations law and regulation, residents,
etc.
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1. Where to be settled?
Location Pyosun-ri, Namjeju-gun Geologically
near to fishing port and hatchery Oceanographicall
y and environmentally
Distance from land 3.5 km
Substrates Sand, small rocks dispersed
Depth 30-50m
Water temp. 15-26?
Currents 0.6-1.4 knot (E-W)
Salinity 32-35 psu
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2. Which system to choose?
U. S. Japan

Norway Sweden

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Net Systems Sea Station
Development NOAA (USA) Form of the frame A
central floating steel spar of 15 meters and
surrounding steel rims of 25 meters in
diameter Maintenance of the structure a floating
spar and circular rim Capacity 3,000/ 4,500/
6,000? Why the cage? Practicing aquaculture
Hawaii, Puerto Rico, New Hampshire, etc.
Highly durable against strong currents Not
affect boat and ship passage Easy towing for
harvest or escaping unfavorable conditions
Available to rear fingerlings at a nursery cage
in the mother cage
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3. Whats target fish?
Four categories for candidate species
1. Foreign species Cobia (Rachycentorn
canadum) Moi (Polydactylus sexfilis) 2. Newly
developing species in Korea Striped jack
(Pseudocaranx dentex) Giant croaker (Nibea
japonica) 3. Commonly culturing species in Korea
Sea breams (Pagrus major, Acanthopagrus
schlegelii, Oplegnathus fasciatus) Sea bass
(Lateolabrax japonicus) Rockfish (Sebastes
schlegelii) 4. New high-valued species Tuna
(Thunnus thynnus) Groupers (Epinephelus
septemfasciatus, Epinephelus moara) Mackeral
(Scomber japonicus)
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Parrot fish (Oplegnathus fasciatus )
Distribution Maximal size Marketability Culture Optimal water temp. Annual growth Seed production Culture technique East China Sea, Japan, Korean peninsula 4-5 kg BW, 4o cm BL Very highly competitive domestically 0.5-1 kg BW of commercial size 2228? 150 to 300 g Mass production possible Complete culture possible from seed production to on-growing
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Relatively very expensive (larger fish size, higher market price) Best for raw fish (taste, texture, etc.) Easy culture technique Artificial mass seedling production possible Few places for over-wintering except Jeju island Suitable temperature range to Jeju water temp. ranges Competition with inshore aquaculture businesses Production by offshore aquaculture might be restricted by MOMAF Relatively low growth rate
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Tiger fugu (Fugu rubripes)
Distribution Maximal size Marketability Culture Optimal water temp. Annual growth Seed production Culture technique East and South China Sea, Japan, Korean peninsula 4-5 kg BW, 5o cm BL Very highly competitive domestically and overseas Over 1 kg BW of commercial size 2028? 3000 to 500 g Mass production possible Complete culture possible from seed production to on-growing
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One of the most expensive finfish Best for raw fish especially in Japan Artificial mass seedling production possible Suitable temperature range to Jeju water temp. ranges No regulation by Export possible to Japan Serious biting habit each other Relatively low resistance to strong water current
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Groupers
Epinephelus septemfasciatus
Epinephelus moara
Distribution Maximal size Marketability Culture Optimal water temp. Annual growth Seed production Culture technique Tropic and subtropic ocean South Sea, east and south China sea 90 cm TL, 80 kg BW Very highly competitive domestically Larger than 1 kg BW/ two years 23 to 28? One year old, 200 g BW two years old 1 kg BW Experimental stage for seedling production Succeeded in seedling production of pilot scale
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Popular to Korean consumers Very high market value domestically Good taste and texture for raw fish High survival rate Mass seedlings production technique is not established Low growth rate under low water tempture condition Relatively low culture density
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Striped jack (Psuedocaranx dentex)
Distribution Maximal size Marketability Culture Optimal water temp. Annual growth Seed production Culture technique 40oN to 47oS, Pacific and Atlantic Ocean 1.2 m in BL, 18 kg in BW Relatively competitive in Japan Larger than 1 kg BW/ Two years 20 to 28? 200g BW one year old, 1 kg BW two years old, 2 kg BW two years old Mass produced in Japan, experimental in Korea
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High market value for raw fish High culture density and survival rate Active feeding on dry pellet and high efficiency Good adaptation for offshore environment Artificial seedling production possible Low resistance against low temperature Long period to maturation (4 years, above 3 kg) Week against specific viral disease (VNN)
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Giant croaker (Nibea japonica)
Distribution Maximal size Marketability Culture Optimal water temp. Annual growth Seed production Culture technique Chiba Prefecture of Japan to the East China Sea 1.5 m in total length, 30 ? in body weight Local brand of Miyajaki prefecture of Japan Larger than 1 kg/ One year 24 to 28? Above 1.5 ? BW/year Imported 200 fingerlings from Japan in 1991 Mass production possible
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Fast growth (12 kg BW annually) Good adaptation on environment Strong resistance against disease Relatively high culture density more than 20 kg/? Easy seed production High efficiency of feed Low resistance against low temperature Weakness to transportation Competition with imported red drum
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Bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus)
Distribution Maximal size Marketability Culture Optimal water temp. Annual growth Seed production Culture technique North and South Pacific Ocean The Gulf of Alaska to the southern California 300 cm BL, 600 kg BW (Commercial catch size 300 to 400 kg BW) Very high price in Japan (?5,000/kg BW) Commercial size above 30 kg/ 2 to 3 years, Higher, better Wide range of tolerance/ Higher, better 5 to 10 kg in Nagasaki, Japan Experimental/ Relatively low survival
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Very high market value domestically and overseas Fast growth Adaptability for offshore cages Assistance from municipal and central goverment Mass seedlings production technique is not succeeded Difficult to get enough natural seedlings Difficult to culture with pellet feed Low culture density
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Establishing net-cages
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Thank You