Tourism Development

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Unit 2

• Tourism Development

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Agents of tourism development

• Organisations, bodies and individuals which
  influence or contribute towards the development
  of tourism products and services.
• These agents can include
• Development agencies
• Landowners
• Development companies
• Consultancies
• Leisure organisations
• Entertainment organisations
• Local authorities
• National governments
• National and regional tourist boards
• Voluntary and community groups
• Pressure groups

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Agents of tourism development

• There are usually a range of agents working
  together and these come from different
  categories
• Private sector companies
• Public sector organisations
• Voluntary sector bodies

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The Objectives of Tourism Development

• Economic
• Environmental
• Sociocultural
• Political

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Economic

• Employment creation - jobs in hotels, transport,
  tourist attractions, farming, crafts
• Increased earnings from foreign currency -
  tourists buy local products and services. Leakage
  occurs when income from tourism goes to boost
  profits of tour operators - major problem in many
  developing countries where there are
  all-inclusive holidays.
• Increased income for commercial operators -
  Private companies want to make a profit e.g.
  Disney
• Economic development and regeneration - e.g.
  Bradford - run down industrial city which
  promoted tourism development to create jobs and
  boost income

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Environmental Objectives

• To preserve wildlife - tourism development
  (buildings) can disrupt or destroy natural
  habitats and visiting tourists cause increased
  litter, pollution, noise and even light.
• To provide environmental education - can help to
  conserve the environment - notices about litter
  and keeping to the path etc. can be seen in many
  resorts
• To improve the environment - renovation or
  regeneration of buildings and areas. Planning
  applications that include environmental
  improvements are viewed more favourably.

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Sociocultural Objectives

• To promote of understanding between the cultures
  of tourists and those of the local population -
  responsible tourism development agents are aware
  of the significant differences between the
  cultures of tourists and those of the host
  population and seek to promote an understanding
  between them.
• To provide cultural entertainment for the
  tourists increased income for locals.
• To improve to the quality of life of the local
  population - Regeneration of run down areas into
  thriving tourism and business areas - e.g. Lace
  Market in Nottingham, Canary Wharf in London.
• To increase the provision of community facilities
  - Locals also benefit from the tourist facilities
  - health and fitness centres in hotels. In poorer
  countries, new roads, airports etc benefit local
  trade, fresh water and shops - although in
  reality many can't afford the goods.

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Political Objectives

• To enhance the image of a place - regeneration of
  an area together with investment in new
  facilities and marketing all enhance an areas
  image improvement of quality of life for
  locals. This then encourages more investment.
• To create a regional or national identity -
  countries and areas seek to create a regional or
  national identity which is then used to promote
  tourism to an area - e.g. UK for foreign visitors
  - Royal family, castles and history, red London
  buses etc.
• To boost national morale or pride and use this to
  gain political advantage.
• To improve the balance of payments through
  increased foreign exchange earnings will benefit
  a government's position.
• To increase international understanding

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Managing the Impact of tourism development

• Aim is to maximise the positive impact and
  minimise the negative impact

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Maximising the positive impact

• Retention of visitor spending provide
  everything at the resort so visitors stay and
  spend money Euro Disney
• Reduce leakage
• Invest tourist income in local facilities e.g.
  road improvements
• Training to improve skills of locals
• Educate tourists use water and electricity
  supplies carefully, recycle

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Minimising the negative impacts

• Carry out and environmental impact assessment
  before starting development
• Planning control is development appropriate for
  the area?
• Adopt sustainable tourism principles Agenda 21
• Manage visitors and traffic park and ride, out
  of season attractions

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Case study - Bradford

• Victorian industrial city suffering from economic
  recession
• Regeneration old woollen mills Industrial
  heritage trail and bargain priced fabrics from
  factory outlets.
• Surrounding attractions Bronte Home
• National museum of Photography, film and
  television
• Flavours of Asia restaurants
• Over 6 million visitors per annum

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Case study Cambridge

• Park and ride
• Charge for entry to colleges restricts numbers
  and improves tourist behaviour
• Guided tours
• Promotion of other attractions in surrounding area

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Case Study - Antigua

• Positive impacts
• Economic more jobs, better infrastructure
• Environmental Improved surroundings, some green
  tourism
• Sociocultural traditional steel bands and
  crafts maintained, slavery museum

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Case study - Antigua

• Negative impacts
• Economic jobs not in management, increased cost
  of living, leakage
• Environmental pollution, loss of natural
  vegetation, coral reefs destroyed
• Sociocultural loss of traditional songs,
  all-inclusive holidays mean that tourists dont
  go to local restaurants and get to understand
  local culture

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Case study of ecotourism Galapagos Islands

• Charge 100 to enter national park keeps place
  exclusive, money used to maintain national park
• Must be accompanied by guide
• Keep to trails
• Take no food onto islands
• Wash to remove sand and pollen grains to preserve
  unique ecosystem on each island

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Galapagos Islands

• Has helped to maintain unique environment
• Has improved economy income and jobs
• Has upset local fishermen whose fishing grounds
  are now restricted

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Case study - Majorca

• Problems with water and the wrong sort of
  tourist
• Attempt to attract fewer tourists from higher
  socioeconomic groups by improvements in
  accommodation and restricting flights
• How do locals feel?

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The Exam

• Two and a half hours plenty of time to do
  reading dont rush to start writing
• 4 questions
• Two case studies one UK and one overseas UK
  case study may not be a real place but will be
  based on one.
• 60 of the marks are available to E grade
  students make sure you get all of them!

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Tourism Development Questions

• Describe facilities and amenities
• Explain role of agents of tourism development and
  associated conflicts
• Describe and explain the impacts of tourism
  development
• Explain strategies to maximise the positive
  impacts and minimise the negative impacts of
  tourism development
• Suggestions for tourism development museums,
  accommodation etc not theme parks or leisure
  centres
• Describe a location

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Key words

• List bullet points OK
• Describe say something brief about the
  place/amenity etc
• Explain give a detailed answer
• Analyse give for and against with reasons
  and conclude
• Evaluate - give for and against with reasons
  and conclude
• Justify explain why in detail

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Good Luck!