Mod

1
Mod 15- Motivation

• Four theories of motivation
• Instinct Theory
• Drive Reduction Theory
• Incentive Theory
• Cognitive Theory

2
Motivation

• Instinct Theory innate tendencies
• Fixed Action Pattern - certain fixed set of
  behaviors in the presence of certain
  environmental conditions

3
Motivation

• Drive Reduction Theory a need results in a
  drive to return the body to homeostasis
• Need lack of essential element
• Drive State of tension/motivation
• Homeostasis return to balance

4
Motivation

• Incentive Theory
• External Reinforcements motivate behavior

5
Motivation

• Cognitive Theory
• Internal external rewards motivate us
• Extrinsic Motivation Environmental rewards
• Intrinsic Motivation personally rewarding/
  fulfill own beliefs

6
Needs

• Biological Needs
• Physical/Survival
• Food, water, sex, Oxygen, Sleep, Avoiding Pain
• Social Needs
• Acquired through learning
• Affiliation, play, achievement

7
Glassers Control Theory

• Basic Needs Circle Four Quadrants
• Love, Power, Fun, Freedom
• Meeting these needs help us maintain personal
  control in our lives

8
Maslows Hierarchy of Needs

• V Self-Actualization
• IV Esteem
• III Love/Belonging
• II Safety
• I. Physiological

9
Hunger

• Optimal Weight
• Overweight 20 over ideal weight
• Obesity 30 or more over ideal weight

10
Hunger

• Anorexia 15 20 drop below ideal weight,
  linked to fear control
• Bulimia Binge eating vomiting / laxatives/
  fasting to control weight

11
Hunger Factors

• Biological Elements
• - Peripheral Cues changes in blood chemistry/
• signals from organs
• - Central Cues activity from chemicals/neuro-
• transmitters in brain

12
Hunger Factors

• Peripheral Cues
• Stomach
• Liver
• Intestines
• Fat Cells

13
Hunger Factors

• Central Cues
• Hypothalamus thirst, hunger, sex drive
• Lateral
• Ventromedial
• Galanin stimulates fat eating

14
Hunger Factors

• Psychosocial
• Learned Associations places/times
• Socio-cultural Marketing/expectations
• Personality traits sensitivity/anxiety

15
Hunger Factors

• Genetic
• Fat Cells -
• Metabolic Rate
• Set Point
• Genes

16
Sexual Behavior

• Genetic Factors inherited instructions for sex
  organs/ hormones brain wiring
• Spectrum of sexual genetic diversity (handout)
  genetic testing is rarely done unless there are
  medical concerns but differences which affect
  appearance other sexual aspects may be present

17
Sexual Behavior

• Biological Factors
• Testosterone (during pregnancy)
• Presence male sex organs / male hypothalamus
• Absence female sex organs / female hypothalamus
• Sex motivation based on rise fall of hormones

18
Sexual Behavior

• Puberty Age 12- 18 primary secondary sex
  characteristics emerge
• Sex hormones
• Female hypothalamus
• Male hypothalamus
• Gender Identity
• Gender Identity disorder

19
Gender Roles

• Traditional or stereotypic behaviors, attitudes
  expectations and traits based on societal
  influences
• Masculine
• Feminine
• Androgynous

20
Sexual Orientation

• Homosexual - Attraction to same sex
• Heterosexual Attraction to opposite sex
• Bisexual Attraction to both sexes
• Asexual Attraction to neither sex

21
Sexual Orientation

• Interactive Model of Sexual Orientation
• Genetic and biological factors interact with
  psychological and environmental factors to
  influence sexual orientation

22
Sexual Problems

• Paraphilias
• Dysfunctions problems of arousal / orgasm
• Organic
• Psychological
• Premature ejaculation -
• Inhibited Orgasm

23
Sexual Problems

• Sexually transmitted diseases HIV / AIDS
• Female circumcision African rite of passage
  removing external female genitalia

24
Achievement

• Need for Achievement
• Fear of Failure
• Self- handicapping
• Underachieving

25
Achievement

• Research on resiliency
• Immigrants more obstacles
• - gt greater success
• Protective factors
  Resiliency