MIODESOPSIE

1
MIODESOPSIE

• LO STATO DELLARTE
• E
• LE PROSPETTIVE DI RICERCA

2
I POSSIBILI TRATTAMENTI

1. VITREOCTOMIA

2. VITREOLISI LASER
3. VITREOLISI ENZIMATICA
4. RIMEDI ALTERNATIVI
3
VITREOCTOMIA

• PARS PLANA VITREOCTOMIA

4
PARSA PLANA VITREOCTOMIA

• Retina. 200020(6)591-6.Related Articles, Links
•  Pars plana vitrectomy for persistent, visually
  significant vitreous opacities.Schiff WM, Chang
  S, Mandava N, Barile GR.Department of
  Ophthalmology, Columbia University College of
  Physicians and Surgeons, Edward S. Harkness Eye
  Institute, and St. Luke's-Roosevelt Hospital
  Center, New York, New York, USA.PURPOSE To
  evaluate the role of vitrectomy in patients with
  persistent, visually disabling vitreous
  opacities. METHODS Six consecutive eyes of five
  men (age 58-66 years) with pseudophakia or
  aphakia and vitreous opacities resulting in
  visual symptoms for more than 1 year that
  underwent vitrectomy were retrospectively
  reviewed. Postoperative questionnaires regarding
  functional performance and quality-of-life issues
  were completed by the participants to assess
  subjective patient satisfaction. RESULTS
  Postoperative Snellen visual acuity was improved
  or equal to preoperative acuity in all cases
  (8-44 month follow-up) and there were no surgical
  complications. All patients expressed high
  satisfaction with overall visual function.
  Analysis of the National Eye Institute Visual
  Function Questionnaire-39 indicated that general
  vision, near activities, distance activities,
  mental health, role difficulties, and peripheral
  vision were significantly improved (P lt 0.05)
  following surgical intervention. CONCLUSIONS
  Vitrectomy may be indicated in a select group of
  patients with visually disabling vitreous
  floaters, although objective assessment of visual
  dysfunction from vitreous floaters requires
  further evaluation.Publication Types
• Case Reports
• PMID 11131410 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

5
PARSA PLANA VITREOCTOMIA

• Ophthalmologe. 2003 Aug100(8)639-43. Epub 2003
  Jun 18.Related Articles, Links
•  Vitreous body floaters and vitrectomy with
  full visual acuityArticle in GermanHoerauf
  H, Muller M, Laqua H.Klinik fur Augenheilkunde,
  Universitatsklinikum Lubeck. hhoerauf_at_ophtha.mu-lu
  ebeck.dePURPOSE To evaluate the role of
  vitrectomy in patients with visually disturbing
  vitreous body floaters and full visual acuity
  (VA). METHODS A total of 9 eyes from 8 patients
  (2 female, 7 male, median age 57 years) with a
  preoperative VA of 1.0 were analysed
  retrospectively. The median duration of symptoms
  was 12 months. In all eyes a pars plana
  vitrectomy was performed. The median follow-up
  period was 13 months. RESULTS No intraoperative
  or postoperative complications were observed. In
  all patients vision improved subjectively and
  objective VA remained unchanged. In 2 out of 5
  phacic patients a cataract extraction was
  performed during the follow-up period.
  CONCLUSIONS In a selected group of patients
  vitrectomy can improve subjective vision even in
  eyes with full objective VA. A critical patient
  selection with respect to psychological criteria
  and the individual risk of vitrectomy is
  extremely important.PMID 12955446 PubMed -
  indexed for MEDLINE

6
PARSA PLANA VITREOCTOMIA

• J Fr Ophtalmol. 2004 May27(5)491-5.Related
  Articles, Links
•  Vitrectomy for floatersArticle in
  FrenchQuintyn JC, Brasseur G.Service
  d'Ophtalmologie, CHU de Rangueil, Toulouse.
  qjc76_at_hotmail.comPURPOSE To clarify vitrectomy
  indications in the treatment of vitreous
  floaters. METHODS This is a retrospective study
  of four patients, four eyes (age, 42-65 years),
  who underwent vitrectomy for the treatment of
  vitreous floaters. Two patients had a total
  posterior vitreous detachment. All patients were
  required to think about the intervention for
  several months before consenting. RESULTS
  Preoperative visual acuity ranged from 20/40 to
  30/30 and after the operation it ranged from
  20/40 to 10/10. Minimum follow-up was 1 year.
  Visual acuity did not decrease after treatment in
  any patients. All patients expressed satisfaction
  with their postoperative visual function.
  DISCUSSION-CONCLUSION Visual acuity measures do
  not always accurately reflect patients' visual
  discomfort. Vitrectomy has been known for many
  years. It can be proposed as a last resort after
  thorough retina examination, after patients have
  received adequate information and they are
  psychologically ready for the procedure.PMID
  15179305 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

7
PARSA PLANA VITREOCTOMIA

• Klin Monatsbl Augenheilkd. 2005
  Sep222(9)728-32.Related Articles, Links
•  Pars plana vitrectomy for vitreous
  floaters.Article in GermanRoth M,
  Trittibach P, Koerner F, Sarra G.Klinik und
  Poliklinik fur Augenheilkunde, Inselspital,
  Universitatsspital Bern, Schweiz.BACKGROUND
  The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of
  pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) in patients with
  persistent vitreous floaters (VF) in phakic (56.7
  ) or pseudophakic (43.3 ) eyes. SUBJECTS AND
  METHODS A retrospective study of 24 consecutive
  patients (30 eyes) who underwent a 2-port-PPV
  using indirect opthalmoscopy between 1992 and
  2003 was carried out. Main outcome measures were
  postoperative visual acuity (PVA), incidence of
  postoperative complications and patient
  satisfaction, which has been assessed
  retrospectively using a detailed questionnaire
  RESULTS Symptoms resolved in all patients. PVA
  was significantly better (0.91 /- 0.2 vs. 0.84
  /- 0.2 preoperative visual acuity) or equal in
  25 patients (83.3 ). One pseudophakic patient
  (3.3 ) experienced a retinal detachment 48
  months after surgery. In 5 of 17 phakic eyes (35
  ) a cataract extraction had to be performed
  during the follow-up period. All patients were
  satisfied with their overall visual function.
  DISCUSSION This study shows PPV to be a safe and
  effective primary treatment for visually
  disturbing VF. In spite of the small number of
  cases with a lower PVA (5 eyes/16.7 ), which in
  the most severe case corresponded to a reduction
  of VA from 1.0 to 0.6 due to a nuclear sclerosis
  of the lens, all patients were satisfied. As
  vitreoretinal complications may occur, a critical
  patient selection and a careful preoperative
  assessment of specific risks of vitrectomy are
  mandatory.PMID 16175483 PubMed - in process

8
VITREOCTOMIA SUTURELESS

• STRUMENTAZIONE 25 GAUGE

9
VITREOCTOMIA SUTURELESS
OSPEDALE DI LINZ-AUSTRIA
10
VITREOCTOMIA SUTURELESS

• CATARATTA
• lt10 fino a 30 anni
• 50 fino a 50 anni
• 100 oltre i 65 anni

• COMPLICAZIONI POST-OPERATORIE

11
PREVENZIONE CATARATTA

• J Cataract Refract Surg. 2002 Apr28(4)589-92.Rel
  ated Articles, Links
• Comment in
• J Cataract Refract Surg. 2003 Aug29(8)1466-7
  author reply 1467.
•  Floaterectomy combined phacoemulsification
  and deep anterior vitrectomy.Mossa F, Delaney
  YM, Rosen PH, Rahman R.Department of
  Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospitals NHS
  Trust, Oxford, United Kingdom.We describe a
  1-stage surgical technique to treat vitreous
  floaters. Phacoemulsification is combined with a
  deep anterior vitrectomy through a posterior
  curvilinear capsulorhexis followed by
  implantation of a posterior chamber intraocular
  lens. The technique was used in 10 eyes of 6
  patients. Six months postoperatively, 8 eyes had
  a best corrected visual acuity (BCVA) of 6/6 with
  complete resolution of symptoms. Two eyes of 1
  patient developed cystoid macular edema that
  reduced final BCVA to 6/18 bilaterally. In this
  case, the floaters may have been the result of
  previously undiagnosed intermediate
  uveitis.PMID 11955895 PubMed - indexed for
  MEDLINE

FLOATERROCTOMIA
12
PREVENZIONE CATARATTA

• Exp Eye Res. 2002 Oct75(4)459-73.Related
  Articles, Links
•  Suppression of post-vitrectomy lens changes in
  the rabbit by novel benzopyranyl esters and
  amides.Kuszak JR, Sivak JG, Moran KL, Scheib
  SA, Garner WH, Ke TL, Hellberg MR, Graff
  G.Department of Ophthalmology,
  Rush-Presbyterian-St. Luke's Medical Center,
  Chicago, IL, USA.This study reports for the
  first time a therapeutic modality for the
  suppression of posterior subcapsular cataract
  (PSC) formation in an animal model (rabbit) of
  vitrectomy. This therapeutic modality may also
  have the potential to attenuate/prevent the high
  incidence of loss of vision due to cataract
  formation in patients that undergo vitrectomy.
  Unilateral, partial vitrectomy was performed on
  2.5 month old Dutch Belted rabbits with vitreous
  replaced by either commercially available
  BSS((R)) or BSS PLUS((R)) (n16). Alternatively,
  vitreous was replaced with a proprietary,
  modified BSS PLUS((R)) irrigating solution
  containing 1.25 microM AL-8417 (n12), 5.0 microM
  AL-12615 (n5) or 5.0 microM AL-17052 (n9). Age
  matched, non-operated rabbits were used as
  controls (n16). Lenses were analysed by
  correlative structural (light, scanning electron
  microscopic and three-dimensional
  computer-assisted drawings) and optical (low
  power helium-neon laser scan) quality analysis 6
  months following surgery. Results demonstrate
  that vitreous replacement with an irrigating
  solution that contains the ester-linked
  benzopyran, AL-8417, the amide-linked benzopyran
  pro-drug, AL-17052, or its active metabolite,
  AL-12615, prevented abnormal post-vitrectomy lens
  growth, or fiber formation. Focal length
  variability (FLV) assessments (sharpness of
  focus) confirmed the beneficial drug effects
  detected morphologically, with FLV being
  essentially equal to that of age-matched,
  non-surgical controls. In contrast, lenses of
  animals with vitreous replaced solely with
  BSS((R)) or BSS PLUS((R)) exhibited significantly
  higher FLV than both age-matched controls and
  animals that underwent vitrectomy with
  drug-containing irrigating solutions. The ability
  of AL-8417, AL-17052 and its active metabolite,
  AL-12615, to suppress vitrectomy-induced
  posterior lens fiber changes appears to reside in
  their unique pharmacological profile, acting as
  antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and cytostatic
  agents.PMID 12387793 PubMed - indexed for
  MEDLINE

INIEZIONI INTRAVITREALI
13
VITREOCTOMIA SUTURELESS

• VITREO ARTIFICIALE

14
VITREOCTOMIA SUTURELESS
VITREO ARTIFICIALE
15
VITREOCTOMIA SUTURELESS

1. distacco di retina (lt0,5)
2. infiammazioni oculari (lt0,05)
3. aumento della pressione oculare (30)

• COMPLICAZIONI POST-OPERATORIE

16
FLOATERS ONLY VITRECTOMY

• For years, ophthalmologists had been cautious in
  recommending vitrectomy surgery for patients
  suffering from floaters.  Now, a new study
  conducted, suggests that vitrectomy may be a
  practical solution for many patients.  
• Due to improved techniques and instrumentation,
  vitrectomy, a technique used to clear blood and
  debris from the vitreous, a normally clear,
  gel-like substance that fills the center of the
  eye, is now a viable option for patients
  suffering from floaters.  
• A study conducted by William M. Schiff, M.D., of
  the Department of Ophthalmology, Columbia
  University College of Physicians and Surgeons and
  his colleagues, concluded that vision was
  improved in 6 out of 6 eyes with no surgical
  complications following vitrectomy for the
  removal of persistent, visually significant
  floaters.  All patients involved in the
  evaluation were highly satisfied with their
  visual results with a profound improvement in
  overall lifestyle activities in regards to visual
  acuity.  
• Vitrectomy is rarely needed since floaters
  typically become less bothersome over a period of
  weeks to months as they settle below the line of
  sight.   However, vitrectomy may be indicated in
  a very select group of patients with visually
  disabling vitreous floaters, as long as an
  objective assessment of the patient's visual
  dysfunction from the floaters is made.
• Dr. Dan Montzka, M.D., of St. Luke's Retina
  Institute in Tarpon Springs, Florida says "with
  recent advances in vitrectomy techniques such as
  sutureless incisions, the risks are lower than
  ever in history for most types of vitreo-retinal
  surgery."  Dr. Montzka and his colleagues Dana M.
  Deupree, M.D. and Brian Phillpotts, M.D., have
  been performing the state-of-the-art, sutureless
  retina surgery for the past several years. 

I FLOATERS DEBILITANTI APPARTENGONO AL PASSATO
17
FLOATERS ONLY VITRECTOMY

• CENTRI SPECIALIZZATI

18
VITREOLISI LASER

• ND YAG LASER

19
VITREOLISI LASER

• PROTEZIONI PER LA RETINA

20
VITREOLISI LASER
FOTODISTRUZIONE
21
VITREOLISI LASER

• I RISULTATI

22
VITREOLISI LASER

• MIGLIORAMENTI 92 DEI CASI
• COMPLICAZIONI 0,29 DEI CASI
• (cataratta, glaucoma, distacco di retina)

PRO E CONTRO
23
VITREOLISI LASER

• Department of Ophthalmology, Father Fox Memorial
  Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan, Republic of China.
  Sono stati esaminati quindici casi di floaters
  con serie complicazioni psicologiche. Usando un
  oftalmoscopio diretto, sono state rilevate le
  opacità vitreali. Le opacità sono state
  fotodistrutte con lo YAG laser, usando i livelli
  di energia da 5 a 7,1 mj e unenergia totale da
  71 a 742,0 mj. I sintomi sono spariti
  completamente subito dopo il trattamento in tutti
  e 15 i casi. Non ci sono state né complicazioni
  durante loperazione né complicazioni
  postoperatorie note durante un periodo successivo
  di almeno 1 anno. A nostra conoscenza, l'uso
  dello YAG laser per trattare i floaters vitreali
  non è mai stato descritto precedentemente. La
  nostra esperienza iniziale indica che il
  trattamento è semplice, sicuro ed efficace.

ND YAG LASER E MIODESOPSIE
24
VITREOLISI ENZIMATICA
Anticipation for enzymatic vitreolysis Other
applications can be envisaged. Enzymatic
vitreolysis might be useful as a supplement to
pneumatic retinopexy for rhegmatogenous retinal
detachment repair injecting an enzyme at the
time of gas injection to additionally release
vitreous traction could potentially increase the
success rate of this office based procedure. As
another example patient complaints associated
with vitreous floaters are all too familiar to
ophthalmologists, but the risk-benefit profile
for surgery for vitreous floaters is prohibitive.
Could enzymatic vitreolysis reduce risks
sufficiently to become viable for the large
number of patients with this relatively benign
but annoying visual problem? The arrival of
enzymatic vitreolysis may expand vitreoretinal
practice in ways that can't be predicted. Before
enzymatic vitreolysis enters the mainstream
central questions will need to be addressed
  effectiveness, inflammatory responses, retinal
toxicity, long term complications. And years of
work in the field of vitreolytic enzymes have yet
to yield a widely accepted alternative to
mechanical vitrectomy. Nevertheless, as the
limits of conventional vitrectomy are being
approached vitreoretinal surgeons continue to
look forward over the next years to a new
generation of therapies with vitreolytic enzymes.
25
IALURONIDASI

• Klin Oczna. 2002104(2)135-7.Related Articles,
  Links
• Efficacy of hyaluronidaze in reducing vitreous
  opacites--preliminary reportArticle in
  PolishPuchalska-Niedbal L, Millo B.Katedry i
  Kliniki Okulistyki z Zakladem Patofizjologii
  Narzadu Wzroku Pomorskiej Akademii Medycznej,
  Szczecinie.The aim of the work the assessment
  of hyaluronidase as reducer of floaters in
  vitreus body. We present one patient with the
  floaters in vitreus body treated by
  subconjunctival injection with hyaluronidase.
  Research work was carried out on a rabbit, which
  had been given 10 subconjunctival injections of
  hyaluronidaze. After treatment we noted
  subjective and local improvement. By using
  biochemical tests we proved, that subconjunctival
  hyaluronidaze application is a good way, to
  obtain an effect in the vitreous.Publication
  Types
• Case Reports
• PMID 12174456 PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

26
IALURONIDASI

• Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999
  Sep40(10)2173-8.Related Articles, Links
•  Effects of hyaluronan lyase, hyaluronidase,
  and chondroitin ABC lyase on mammalian vitreous
  gel.Bishop PN, McLeod D, Reardon A.Department
  of Ophthalmology and Wellcome Trust Centre for
  Cell-Matrix Research, School of Biological
  Sciences, University of Manchester, England, UK.
  paul.bishop_at_man.ac.ukPURPOSE To determine the
  effects of enzymes on mammalian vitreous gel and
  to thus infer the structural roles of hyaluronan
  and chondroitin sulfate in the gel. METHODS The
  wet weights of bovine vitreous gels were compared
  before and after incubation with Streptomyces
  hyaluronan lyase, chondroitin ABC lyase,
  testicular hyaluronidase, or buffer alone. The
  extent of hyaluronan depolymerization was
  determined by chromatography and that of
  chondroitin sulfate depolymerization by western
  blot analysis. RESULTS After digestion with
  Streptomyces hyaluronan lyase (30 U/gel), the gel
  wet weight was the same as that of controls
  (incubated with buffer alone) despite 94 of the
  hyaluronan having been depolymerized when
  digested with 100 U/gel, the gel wet weight
  decreased (to 57 of original wet weight versus
  86 for controls, P lt 0.001) and hyaluronan was
  completely depolymerized. Chondroitin ABC lyase
  digestion (0.2 U/gel) resulted in a slight
  reduction in gel wet weight (90 versus 96, P
  lt 0.001) and depolymerization of 88 of the
  hyaluronan the presence of fully digested
  chondroitin sulfate chains was established.
  Digestions with 100 and 500 U/gel of testicular
  hyaluronidase resulted in a decrease (P lt
  0.001, both cases) in gel wet weight (53 versus
  82, 100 U/gel 57, versus 86, 500 U/gel) with
  75 and 97 hyaluronan depolymerization,
  respectively. CONCLUSIONS Depolymerization of
  all vitreous hyaluronan and of chondroitin
  sulfate resulted in gel wet weight reduction but
  not gel destruction. Digestion with 30 U/gel of
  Streptomyces hyaluronan lyase revealed a small
  pool (6) of relatively enzyme-resistant
  hyaluronan that specifically contributed toward
  maintaining gel wet weight.PMID 10476780
  PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE

27
IALURONIDASI

• Retina. 199818(1)16-22.Related Articles, Links
• Comment in
• Retina. 199818(1)1-3.
•  Efficacy and safety of enzymatic posterior
  vitreous detachment by intravitreal injection of
  hyaluronidase.Harooni M, McMillan T, Refojo
  M.Schepens Eye Research Institute, Department
  of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, Boston,
  Massachusetts, USA.PURPOSE To investigate the
  efficacy and safety of intravitreal injection of
  hyaluronidase in producing liquefaction resulting
  in a posterior vitreous detachment. METHODS
  Fifteen young pigmented rabbits were randomized
  into 3 groups that received 5 (group 1), 10
  (group 2), or 20 (group 3) IU of hyaluronidase.
  The fellow eyes were injected with a volumetric
  equivalent dose of balanced salt solution as
  control. The rabbits were followed for 9 weeks
  and examined for signs of ocular and retinal
  toxicity. The animals were then euthanized and
  their eyes were examined histologically. RESULTS
  Biomicroscopic evaluation in all but one rabbit
  revealed no evidence of ocular toxicity. One
  rabbit showed evidence of vitreous traction on
  the retina with transient retinal elevation.
  Biomicroscopically and histologically, all
  rabbits in group 3 and four of five rabbits in
  group 2 had evidence of a posterior vitreous
  detachment. CONCLUSION Intravitreal injection of
  hyaluronidase in doses of 10 IU or higher induces
  posterior vitreous detachment in rabbits over a
  period of 5 weeks. Intravitreal doses of 20 IU or
  less do not appear to affect the biomicroscopic
  morphology or function of ocular structures
  adversely. Injections of hyaluronidase,
  therefore, could be considered as an alternative
  or adjunct to conventional mechanical
  vitrectomy.PMID 9502276 PubMed - indexed for
  MEDLINE

SICUREZZA ED EFFICACIA DELLA IALURONIDASI
28
IALURONIDASI

• EMORAGGIE VITREALI
• RETINOPATIA DIABETICA

29
MICROPLASMINA

• ThromboGenics Ltd. Announces the Initiation of
  Phase II Trial of Microplasmin
• Investigating New Drug for Treatment of Disorders
  of the "Back of the Eye
• ThromboGenics Ltd. today announced the start of a
  Phase II trial evaluating recombinant
  microplasmin in patients with
• vitreoretinal disorders, also referred to as
  diseases of the "back of the eye". Microplasmin
  is a truncated form of the human protein plasmin
  ThromboGenics has developed on a proprietary
  basis the first stabilized and readily
  manufactured form of this unique protein.
• Microplasmin has the potential to simplify a
  surgical procedure called vitrectomy, which is
  used to treat visual conditions. Vitrectomy
  involves separation of the vitreous (the gel-like
  substance in the center of the eye) from the
  retina, inducing a posterior vitreous detachment
  (PVD), a technique considered beneficial in
  patients with numerous retinal conditions,
  including diabetic retinopathy and macular edema.
  
• The breakthrough procedure using plasmin for
  induction of PVD was invented by Drs. Michael
  Trese and George Williams, the founders of NuVue
  Technologies, which owns exclusive rights for the
  use of plasmin in ophthalmic applications. A
  formal licensing agreement between ThromboGenics
  and NuVue brings into a single portfolio all
  intellectual property relating to plasmin-based
  compounds for treatment of eye diseases.
• This Phase II trial, in which the first patient
  was treated in December 2004, will enroll up to
  50 patients at 3 centers in the Netherlands and
  Germany. The investigators for the study are
  Professors Marc de Smet (Amsterdam), Arnd
  Gandorfer and Anselm Kampik (Munich), and Eric
  Feron (Rotterdam), Patients with vitreoretinal
  disease for whom vitrectomy is indicated will be
  enrolled. The trial is primarily designed to
  provide valuable safety information on the use of
  microplasmin in this setting, on which dose
  selection for future clinical trials can be
  based. Subject to interim results from this
  trial, ThromboGenics plans to submit an
  Investigational New Drug (IND) application to FDA
  to allow for initiation of a U.S. clinical trial
  with microplasmin in 2005.

VITREOCTOMIA FARMACOLOGICA
30
MEDICINA TRADIZIONALE CINESE (TCM)

• FLOATERS AND THEIR TREATMENT WITH CHINESE HERBS
• by Subhuti Dharmananda, Ph.D., Director,
  Institute for Traditional Medicine, Portland,
  Oregon
• Zhuling San(Polyporus Powder) Polyporus 30 g
  Akebia 30 g Rhubarb 30 g Gardenia 30 g Cibotium
  30 g Talc 30 g Polygonum 30 g Plantago seed 15 g
  Red atractylodes 15 g Instructions grind the
  ingredients to powder one dose is 9 grams, to be
  consumed with salty water. Actions This formula
  clears damp-heat of the liver/gallbladder and the
  kidney/bladder it is comprised mainly of bitter
  herbs of cold nature. Most of the herbs are
  classified as diuretic in modern terms rhubarb
  and gardenia purge the gallbladder.
• Heishen Tang(Scrophularia Decoction)
  Scrophularia Scute Raw rehmannia Chrysanthemum
  Red peony Celosia Tribulus Instructions to grind
  the ingredients in equal parts to powder. Each
  dose is 12 grams, with the powder boiled in water
  for a brief time and the resulting decoction
  consumed. Actions These herbs clear heat from
  the blood and dispel wind-heat from the eyes.
• Bushen Wan(Supplement Kidney Pills) Ginseng
  Acorus Hoelen Lycium Peony Cuscuta Alisma
  Cistanche Instructions grind equal amounts of
  these herbs to powder, mix with honey to form
  pills. The quantity of the herbs to be used for
  each dose is unclear. Actions This formula
  nourishes the kidney and moistens the essence

31
VARIA

• Am J Ophthalmol. 1956 Nov42(5)771-2.Related
  Articles, Links
• Use of iodo-niacin for retinal or vitreous
  hemorrhages and vitreous floaters.ABRAHAMSON IA
  Sr, ABRAHAMSON IA Jr.PMID 13372702 PubMed -
  OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966
• S Afr Med J. 1958 Mar 1532(11)296-8.Related
  Articles, Links
• A surgical procedure for the relief of vitreous
  opacities (floaters).BLUMENTHAL CJ.PMID
  13543474 PubMed - OLDMEDLINE for Pre1966