CH' 10 UNDERSTANDING CANCER

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CH. 10 UNDERSTANDING CANCER OTHER MAJOR DISEASES

• No. 2 cause of death in the U.S.
• FACTS
• 1 in 2 American men will eventually have cancer.
• 1 in 3 American women will have cancer.
• African Americans more likely to develop and die
  from cancer than any other racial or ethnic group
• AA women have the highest incidence of colorectal
  and lung cancers of any ethnic group.
• Breast cancer highest among white women.

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• AA men have highest rates of prostate,
  colorectal, and lung.
• Lung cancer no. 1 cause of death in men and women
• Breast cancer no. 2 cause of death for women
  (highest in white and lowest native Americans)
• Prostate cancer no. 2 cause of death for men
• Colon cancer is no. 3 cause of death for men and
  women
• Skin cancers affects 1 in 5 Americans
• Denial is first reaction to diagnosis to cancer.

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CANCER - Abnormal, uncontrolled cellular growth

• Tumor - Abnormal cells grouped together
• benign - non-cancerous
• malignant cancerous
• METASTASIZE spread the cancer to other parts of
  the body via the bloodstream or the lymphatic
  system.

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Primary Risk Factors for Cancer

• Diet reducing fats
• Inactivity
• Obesity lose fat and excess weight
• Heredity
• Environmental factors(80-90 of cancers)
• tobacco
• sunlight
• Physical activity reduces the risk of breast
  cancer by 10-25 and colon cancer by 25-50.

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CLASSIFICATION OF CANCERS

• Carcinoma most common kind, skin, or line
  internal organs and glands.
• Sarcoma supporting or connective tissues,
  bones, muscles, blood vessels.
• Leukemia blood-forming tissues (bone-marrow,
  lymph nodes, spleen)
• Lymphoma lymph system (the network that filters
  out impurities)

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Who Is at Risk for Developing Cancer?
Insert Table 10-3 here
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COMMON TYPES OF CANCERS

• Skin Cancer picture p. 286
• basal-cell most common, epidermis (top layer of
  skin)
• squamous-cell also common, involving cells in
  the epidermis
• melanoma deadliest type of skin cancer, 1-2 of
  all cancer deaths. (UV radiation) 1 in 75.

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Asymmetry One half doesnt match the other half
Border irregularity The edges are ragged,
notched, or blurred
Color Rather than uniform pigmentation, there
are shades of tan, brown, and black, with
possible dashes of red, white, and blue.
Diameter The mole is larger than 6 mm (about the
size of a pencil eraser). (The melanoma shown
here is magnified about 20 times its actual size.)
Fig. 10-6, p. 286
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Warning signs of Melanoma p. 252

• A asymmetry, one half doesnt match the other
  half
• B border, the edges are ragged, notched, or
  blurred
• C color, not uniform in color, shades of tan,
  brown, black w/ possible dashed of red, white
  and blue.
• D diameter, the mole is larger than 6mm (head
  of eraser on pencil)
• E elevation, mole is raised

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BREAST CANCER every 3 minutes a woman in U.S.
learns she has breast cancer. Every 12 minutes a
woman dies of breast cancer.

• Age, p. 286
• Family history
• Long menstrual history, before age 12, childless
  women
• Age at birth of first child first child in late
  30s and 40s
• Breast biopsies if required more likely to
  develop cancer
• Fibrocystic disease is not a risk factor
• Race higher risk in white women over 40, but AA
  women greater chance of dying.
• Occupation p. 287 read
• Alcohol 2 or more drinks/day 40 risk of cancer
• Hormone Therapy higher risk 5 yrs. or longer
• Obesity for young and old, higher risk
• Sedentary lifestyle any exercise better than
  nothing

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CERVICAL CANCER highest incidence Vietnamese,
Alaskan Native, Korean, Hispanic. The mortality
rate for AA is twice that of whites because of
high death rate among older black women

• primary risk factor infection with HPV
• other risk factors early age of first
  intercourse, multiple sex partners, genital
  herpes, smoking or exposure to passive smoke.

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OVARIAN CANCER leading cause of death from
gynecological cancers.

• gtRisk Factors family history, personal history
  of breast cancer, obesity, infertility, and low
  levels of transferase (an enzyme involved in the
  metabolism of dairy foods).
• gtNo obvious symptoms until advanced stages.

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COLON AND RECTAL CANCER

• gt3rd most common cancer.
• gtRisks over age 50, male, high fat or low fiber
  diet, inadequate intake of fruits and veggies,
  family history, smoking, alcohol consumption,
  prolonged high consumption of red and processed
  meat.

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PROSTATE CANCER

• After skin cancer, most common cancer in men.
  Risk is 1 in 6. If the cancer has spread the risk
  is 1 in 30. AA men more often than white. Asian
  and American Indian less often. Screening at age
  50. Risks high no. of sex partners, STDs, age,
  and family history.

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TESTICULAR CANCER

• Last 20 yrs. has risen 51 in the U.S.. Between
  18-35 yrs. Slight enlargement of the testicle,
  lower abdominal pain, lumps on the testicles. P.
  289 self exam.
• LEUKEMIA (not in book)
• Cancer of the blood.
• LUNG CANCER (not in book)
• Leading cause of cancer deaths.

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OTHER MAJOR DISEASES

• DIABETES MELLITUS a disease in which the body
  doesnt produce or respond properly to insulin.
• Type 1 insulin dependent
• Type 2 - non-insulin dependent
• Risk factors
• Inactivity, excessive weight, obesity, unhealthy
  food choices, waist circumference.
• Early signs
• Frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss
  or weight gain, blurred vision, slow-healing
  sores, tender gums.
• AA, Native Americans, and Mexican A. are at high
  risk of developing diabetes. AA and Hispanics
  have double the rate for whites.
• Treatment type 1, injections, infusion pump,
  oral medication.
• Type 2, balanced diet, exercise, and weight
  management.

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ASTHMA (not in book)

• Constriction of the breathing passages. 14 deaths
  in the U.S. each day.
• More common among blacks and inner-city
  residents.
• ANEMIAS (not in book)
• Diseases affecting the oxygen-carrying capacity
  of the blood.
• Anemia caused by nutritional inadequacies, loss
  of blood, heavy menstrual bleeding, deficiencies
  in red-cell production or genetic disorders.
• Iron-deficiency anemia is a form of anemia caused
  by lack of dietary iron. Most common and goes
  undiagnosed.
• Sickle-cell anemia genetic blood disorder,
  hemoglobin in red blood cells is abnormal. Blood
  cells become, crescent or sickle-shaped and
  unable to supply oxygen. Causes crippling, severe
  pain, and premature death. About 8-10 of AA
  carry the gene.

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(not in book)

• ARTHRITIS inflammatory disease of the joints.
• Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease in
  which the body attacks its own connective tissue,
  common among younger people.
• Osteoarthritis, primarily at the joints, normal
  wear and tear, mostly older adults. Women 3x more
  often than men.
• HERNIAS a bulge of soft tissue that forces its
  way through or between strained or weakened
  muscles. Most common in abdomen.