Kinds of Patronage: The Public

1
Kinds of PatronageThe Public

• By
• Brittany Gunther
• Christopher Kleist
• Tony Patton
• Ella Wallace

2
Public Patronage

• The result of court and church patronage coming
  to an end. The public takes on the role of
  consumer, providing monetary means for the
  author. As print technology grows, and court and
  church patronage decreases, public patronage
  arises.

3
Early 17th Century

• Writers far outnumber patrons
• Printing presses becoming more popular
• Book trade expanding

4
The Reign of James I 1603 - 1625

• Thought of himself as an author
• Supported literary production
• King James Bible

5
The Reign of Charles I1625 - 1649

• Monetary means of production
• Dedications
• Reason for decline

6
Early 1640s, Civil War

• Court dissolves and priorities change
• Press productions
• Poetry and plays
• Execution of Charles I in 1649

7
The 1650s

• Major scholarly work
• Subscription system
• Free gifts

8
Printing Press

• Before the printing press scribes
• Authorship
• Emphasis of text
• Faster and less expensive

9
Patronage and the Distribution of Books before
the Printing Press

• Corrosion of manuscripts
• Lack of standardization in words and images
• Vespasiano da Bisticci
• The introduction of paper
• Cartolai

10
Patronage and the Distribution of Books post
Printing-Press

• Printing of the Gutenberg Bible
• Advertising
• New sources of patronage
• More books, less time, lower prices
• Commercial drive

11
A Question to Ponder

• How might the proliferation of books and
  literacy have effected the concept of individual
  fame and the rise of the celebrity?

12
Relevant English Rulers

• House of Tudor
• Henry VII 1485 - 1509
• Henry VIII 1509 - 1547
• Edward VI 1547 - 1553
• Mary I Bloody Mary Tudor 1553 - 1558
• Elizabeth I 1558 - 1603

13
Relevant English Rulers pt. 2

• House of Stewart
• James I 1603 - 1625
• Charles I 1625 - 1649
• Commonwealth Protectorate
• Council of State 1649 - 1653
• Oliver Cromwell, Lord Protector 1653 - 1658
• Richard Cromwell 1658 - 1660

14
Patrons

• 1 - Church
• 2 - Court
• 3 - Public

15
The religious Situation in England

• 1517 Martin Luthers 95 Theses
• 1534 Act of Supremacy by Henry VIII declared
  Henry Supreme Head of the Church of England
• Dissolution of the Catholic monasteries. Catholic
  property taken by the crown and passed out to
  nobles.
• 1553 - 1558 Mart Tudors reign
• 1558 Elizabeth I starts Anglican church
  (finally, a set of principles)
• Puritanism Late 16th century - 17th century.
  Calvinist reforms in Church of England

16
Effects of English Religious Reform

• Roman Catholic Church severely weakened.
• Less parishioners Less cash Less money for
  patronage
• Protestant Churches gain near-total influence
• Less-structured church
• Less money spent by Protestant religious figures
  on the arts
• English Rulers become Protestant
• Monarchs, nobles, and their courts become the
  biggest patrons
• Protestant rulers patronize Protestant writers
• Anti-Catholic literature abounds

17
The Court

• Nobility as primary patrons
• Substantial brown-nosing by writers by
  Elizabethan times dedications, payment, multiple
  patrons
• Protection patronage guaranteed work of author,
  allayed fears of readers - patronized books
  didnt contain black magic or heresy, religious
  recrimination, extended to medicine, history and
  even poetry

18
Some Noble Patrons

• Elizabethan Court
• -Literature reflected new set of Protestant
  values
• -Religious polemics (refutations) and Biblical
  interpretations
• -Revival of classical learning - had started in
  early Tudor times
• -Consisted primarily of translations of ancient
  texts
• Oxford and Cambridge
• -Even more religious polemics
• -Little in the way of secular writings
• -Exception Henry Saviles translation of
  Tacitus
• -Few other humanist works during
  Elizabethan times
• William Cecil, Lord Burghley (1520 - 1598)
• -Patronized religious scholars, humanists,
  poets, and historians
• James I
• -Wrote himself
• -Patron of King James Bible
• -50 translators
• -Meant to replace Bishops Bible and Geneva
  Bible
• -Many, many more

19
Starving Artists

• By Elizabethan period the market was already
  supersaturated
• Conversely, there was a relative dearth of
  patrons
• Very few authors struck it big
• Think John Norden, Thomas Nashe, and Richard
  Robinson

20
But What Did They Write?

• Under the Catholic Church
• -Almost exclusively religious works, including
  philosophy and theology
• -Censorship
• -Copernicus afraid to publish until after his
  death
• Under the Protestant Church and English Courts
• -Many religious works criticizing the Catholics
• -Censorship
• -New poetry
• -Some Humanist works
• -History
• -Revived classical literature
• -Topography
• -Philosophy
• -Major Scholarly Works
• -History of English monastaries (The
  Monasticon)
• -Dictionarium Saxonico-Latino-Anglicum - Made
  the Anglo-Saxon language broadly accessible -
  Subscription method
• -The Polygot Bible - Texts in 9 languages -
  Subscription method

21
Public Patronage

• Subscription Method
• -Supporters of a work each sponsored a plate
• -They would receive their name, coat of arms,
  and a Latin phrase engraved in the work
• -Inexpensive patronage
• -Many people could support the writing of a work
• -Became the norm for scholarly works after the
  Restoration
• John Milton
• -Refused patronage by nobility and the wealthy
• -Became independent of all earthly obligation
• -Invented/discovered a patron in the form of the
  Muse of Divine Poetry

22
Public Patronage

• -Not an easy road to riches
• -Lack of established quality control and
  censorship
• -Church and court patrons had previously
  fulfilled this role
• -Huge literary diversification
• -Atheistic works
• -Humanism
• -Ethical philosophies that affirm the dignity
  and worth of all people.
• -Based on rationalism, the innate ability of
  humans to tell right from wrong
• -Searches for truth and morality without using
  transcendental justifications like faith or the
  Bible
• -Science or Natural Philosophy
• -Originally promulgated by the Catholic Church
• -Some private and court patrons
• -Descartes, Boyle, Galileo, Isaac Newton, Kepler
• -Often worked in universities

23
Galileo Galilei

• -Example of religious censorship
• -1564 - 1642
• -Patrons Both Private and Religious
• -Duke of Mantua, Vincenzo Gonzaga (1562 - 1612)
• -de Medici Family (especially Cosimo)
• -Paolo Sarpi
• -Pope Urban VIII
• -Persecuted by Catholic Church
• -Placed under house arrest in 1632 for the rest
  of his life

24
Consumption of Works

• During this time period, most people were still
  illiterate
• Therefore most of the written works would be
  written for nobility, church leaders all
  potential sponsors of the works
• Could result in stagnation of types and themes of
  works

25
Bilbliography

• Eisenstein, Elizabeth. The Printing Revolution in
  Early Modern Europe. New York, New York Cambridge
  University Press, 1983
• English Literature. October 30, 2006.
  http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/English_literature
• Langford, Jerome J. Galileo, Science and the
  Church. New York Desclee Co., 1966.
• Literacy. Wikipedia. The Free Encyclopedia. 2
  Nov 2006, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
• Loewenstein, David, and Janel Mueller. The
  Cambridge History of Early Modern English
  Literature. New York Cambridge University Press,
  2002.
• Patronage. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. 2
  Nov 2006, Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.
• "Printing press." Wikipedia, The Free
  Encyclopedia. 2 Nov 2006, 0118 UTC. Wikimedia
  Foundation, Inc. 2 Nov 2006 lthttp//en.wikipedia.o
  rg/w/index.php?titlePrinting_pressoldid85162100
  gt.