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ORNITOLOJI BIO 446

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Birds who hunt for their prey at night have especially keen hearing. ... To learn more about birds of prey and their vision visit: http://www.sandiegozoo. ... – PowerPoint PPT presentation

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Title: ORNITOLOJI BIO 446


1
ORNITOLOJI - BIO 446
DUYU ORGANLARI
Dr. Zafer Ayas -2005
2
1) Smell - olfactory lobes are generally small
and birds have a generally poor sense of smell.
Some birds, however, are capable of smelling very
effectively (e.g., Turkey Vultures, kiwis).2)
Taste - all birds can taste birds are equally or
less sensitive to certain ingredients than
mammals. Birds have fewer taste buds than do
mammals.3) Mechanoreception a) Touch - possess
typical touch, pressure, temperature, and pain
receptors. b) Birds are also sensitive to
barometric pressure. (i) Many birds can sense
oncoming storms and modify foraging behavior
accordingly. (ii) Pigeons and thrushes can
select proper altitude for migratory flights,
presumably this is true for other birds as
well. c) Magnetism - birds can use information
from the earth's magnetic field for navigation.
Magnetite Crystals are present near olfactory
nerves (between eyes) of pigeon, and these may
serve as the basis for the magnetism-detection
system.
3
GÖZ VE GÖRÜS
Dr. Zafer Ayas -2005
4
GÖRME1) Kusun en önemli duyu organidir.2)
Diger omurgali gözlerine göre relativ olarak
oldukça büyüktür. (örn.,Sigircigi gözü kafa
kütlesinin 15 ike bu oran insanda 1dir).3)
Kus gözünün sekli farkliliklar gösteririr. a)
Küresel gündüz kuslarinda bulunur
(diurnal) Uzak mesafelerde resolution yüksek
(atmaca vb.) b) Yassi çogu kus türünde
bulunur. c) Tubuler gece yirticilarinda
bulunur, gece odaklamaya ve gece görüsüne
uygundur
5
4) Yüksek görüs gücü vardir. Kuslar memelilere
göre daha fazla sayida fotoresptöre sahiptir.
Ayriva nesneleri büyüten fovea bulunur.-
Yirtici ve ötücü kuslar insanlardan 1-2 kat daha
iyi göreme yetenegine sahiptir. 5) Genellikle
Kuslar odaklama yaparken kornea ve
egriltebilirler (curvation). Oysa memelilerde
sadece lens egriltilebilir. - Kuslar UV
isinlarina oldukça hassas canlilardir. -
Diurnal kuslarin gözlerinde renkli yag
damlaciklari vardir. Bunlar zararli igin filtre
edilmesinde kullanilir...6) Renkli
Görme-Kuslar çok sayida konik (diurnal kuslar)
hücrelere sahiptir. Bu hücreler kuslarin çok iyi
gelismis renkli görüs yetenegi oldugu fikrini
verir.
6
  • Görme duyusu en gelismis omurgali sinifidir.
  • Kuslarin görüsü keskin ve güçlüdür.
  • Göz kürelerini bizim gibi haraket ettiremezler
    ama basalrini bunun etkisini giderecek derecede
    döndürebilirler.

IKI BOYUTLU GÖRÜLEN ALAN
ÜÇ BOYUTLU GÖRÜLEN ALAN
7
Agaçkakan, çulluk, serçe gibi kuslarin gözleri
beslenirken bile her yönü görmeyi saglayan bir
konumdadir. Basalarinin arkasinda ve gagalarinin
ucundaki iki alani üç boyutlu görebilirleri..
Agaçkakan, çulluk, serçe
Üç boyutlu görüs alani
Baykus gibi avci kuslarda gözler yüzün önündedir.
Bu onlara bizler gibi daha az görüs alani saglar
ancak avlanma sirasinda oldukça önemli olan üç
boyutlu görüs alani oldukça fazladir
Baykus
8
  • Göz kapaklari- 3 tanedir
  • Ãœst göz kapagi
  • 2. alt göz kapagi (daha hareketlidir).
  • 3. nictitating membran (temizleme ve koruma).

9
3. Nictitant zar (nemlendirme, temizleme ve
koruma).
10
Smell and Hearing
  • Koku alma duyulari çok iyi gelismemistir.
  • Birds can hear a wide range of sounds. Many birds
    show remarkable, specialized hearing abilities.
  • Birds who hunt for their prey at night have
    especially keen hearing.

Owls have the best hearing of all birds. Their
ears are located on the sides of their heads and
are hidden by feathers.
To learn more about birds of prey and their
vision visit http//www.sandiegozoo.org/wildidea
s/animal/birds_of_prey.html
11
  • DUYMA
  • ( memelilerden daha düsük)
  • a)Kulak 3 odaciklidir Dis, orta, iç
  • Kulak kepçeleri yoktur..
  • Dis kulak sesleri alir ve orta kulaga iletir
  • - Orta kulakta sadece bir kemik bulunur
    (columella) Ses titresimlerini iç kulaga
    iletir.
  • - Iç kulak duyma ve denge islevi görür.
  • b) Optimal Duyma araligi 1 - 5 KHz, Limit 10
    KHz Baykuslar 12 KHz den daha düsük sesleri
    duyabilir.Owls to lower frequencies and up to 12
    KHz.
  • c) Baykuslar sadece duyarak hem avin yerini
    saptarlar hemde avini yakalarlar..
  • (i) Çok düsük frekanstaki sesleri duyabilirler
  • (ii) Çok sayida duyu sinirine sahiptirler
  • (iii)Dis kulak açikliklari asimetrik konumdadir.
    Bu durum horizontal ve vertikal ses saptamasini
    saglar.
  • d) Bazi kuslar yarasalar kadar olmasada yankiyi
    kullanirlar.. (Cave Swiftlet, Oilbird)..

Yüz genisligi sesleri daha fazla toplayarak
asimetrik kulaklara iletilmesi için özellesmistir.
12
If I Only Had A Brain
  • A new generation of scientists believe that
    creatures, including birds, can solve problems by
    insight and even learn by example, as human
    children do.
  • For example, some birds have even created tools
    from twigs to obtain small insects from deep
    within tree trunks.
  • Visit http//www.pbs.org/lifeofbirds/brain/index.h
    tml and read the first two paragraphs to learn
    the extraordinary talents of crows in Japan.

13
Better To See You With
  • Birds, in relation to their body size, have huge
    eyes.
  • An eagles eyes are the same size as humans,
    although their bodies are much smaller.
  • Birds have extra eyelids that are
    semi-transparent which help in protecting their
    eyes.

14
Kornea Gözün dis yüzeyini korur. Ön Odacik
Korneanin arkasinda içi sivi ile dolu
odaciktir. The Iris Kasli olan bu yapi gelen
isigi kontrol eder. Göze rengini verir. The Lens
Saydam, conveks (dis bükey)dir. Isigin retina
üstüne odaklanmasini saglar. Sekli silli kaslarla
degistirilebilir. (focusing)Its shape can be
altered by means of the ciliary muscles which are
attached to the eye by means of the zonular
fibres.
15
The Posterior Chamber - this is the bulk of the
eye and is the space behind the lens and between
the lens and the retina. It is filled with a
clear jelly-like substance called the vitreous
humor. The Retina - this is the inner light
receptive part of the eye. It is covered in
special 'photoreceptive' cells called rods and
cones. Towards the centre of the retina is an
area called the fovea centralis which has a
greater density of 'receptors' or rods and cones.
This is the area of greatest visual acuity, i.e.
sharpest , clearest detection of objects. The
number of receptors per square millimetre
determines the degree of visual acuity an animal
has, the more receptors the higher its ability to
distinguish individual objects at a distance. In
some birds such as hawks, kingfishers and
swallows, the eye has 2 fovea, one for sideways
viewing and one for forward viewing. In many
raptors the fovea centralis has far more rods and
cones than in humans and it is this which allows
these birds their spectacular long distance
vision. We have about 200 000 receptors per mm2,
sparrows however have about 400 000 while a
Buzzard has an incredible 1 000 000 receptors per
mm2. The fovea itself can also be lens shaped
increasing the effective number of receptors per
mm2 yet again. Buzzards for instance have
distance vision 6 to 8 times better than ours,
part of this is a result of the lens shaped
central fovea which acts something like a times
two magnifying lens.
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