MARIJUANA

1
MARIJUANA

• Bethany Crozier
• Drugs and Behavior
• Fall 2000

2
History

• 6000 B.C. Cannabis seeds used for food in China
• 4000 B.C. Cannabis is cultivated in China
• 2727 B.C. First recorded use of cannabis as
  medicine. In every part of the world humankind
  has used cannabis for a wide variety of health
  problems.
• long been used as a medicine in India, China, the
  Middle East, Southeast Asia, South Africa, and
  South America
• Chinese emperor Chen Nung - First evidence of
  medicinal use
• In China cannabis has been recommended for
  malaria, constipation, rheumatic pains,
  "absentmindedness," and female disorders
• Reference (7, 11)

3
History 2

• In India cannabis has been recommended to quicken
  the mind, lower fevers, induce sleep, cure
  dysentery, stimulate appetite, improve digestion,
  relieve headaches, and cure venereal disease.
• In Africa it was used for dysentery, malaria, and
  other fevers.
• 1500 B.C. Cannabis cultivated in China for food
  and fiber
• 500 B.C. Hemp is introduced into Northern Europe
• 500 - 100 B.C. Hemp spreads throughout northern
  Europe.
• 1621 English clergyman Robert Burtons famous
  work The Anatomy of Melancholy, suggested the use
  of cannabis in the treatment of depression.
• Reference (7,11)

4
History 3

• The New English Dispensatory of 1764 recommended
  applying hemp roots to the skin for inflammation,
  a remedy that was already popular in eastern
  Europe.
• The Edinburgh New Dispensary of 1794 included a
  long description of the effects of hemp and
  stated that the oil was useful in the treatment
  of coughs, venereal disease, and urinary
  incontinence.
• Marijuana was introduced in the West as a
  medicine in the middle of the 19th century.
• Reference (7, 11)

5
History 4

• W B. O'Shaughnessey- first Western physician to
  use Marijuana
• He observed its use in India
• After testing it on animals, he used it with
  patients suffering from rabies, rheumatism,
  epilepsy, and tetanus.
• O'Shaughnessey returned to England in 1842 and
  provided cannabis to pharmacists. Doctors in
  Europe and the United States soon began to
  prescribe it for a variety of physical conditions
• Marijuana was listed in the United States
  Dispensatory in 1854 (with a warning that large
  doses were dangerous and that it was a powerful
  "narcotic").
• Referance (7,11)

6
History 5

• In 1860 Dr. R. R. Mc'Meens reported findings on
  Cannabis Indica.
• Said it had been useful to help tetanus,
  neuralgia, dysmenorrhea (painful menstruation),
  convulsions, rheumatic and childbirth pain,
  asthma, postpartum psychosis, gonorrhea, and
  chronic bronchitis.
• He also found it useful as a hypnotic
  (sleep-inducing drug) he compared it to opium
  "Its effects are less intense, and the secretions
  are not so much suppressed by it. Digestion is
  not disturbed the appetite rather increased.
• In 1887, H. A. Hare recommended hemp to subdue
  restlessness and anxiety and distract a patient's
  mind in terminal illness.
• Also noted that hemp was an excellent topical
  anesthetic
• Reference (7,11)

7
History 6

• In 1890, J. R. Reynolds recommending Marijuana
  for patients with "senile insomnia" and with
  preventing migraine attacks.
• Doctor J. B. Mattison
• Noted the medical use of cannabis was already in
  decline by 1890.
• The potency of cannabis preparations was too
  variable, and individual responses to orally
  ingested cannabis seemed unpredictable
• 1920s Marijuana is view as being evil
• 1915 - 1927 Cannabis begins to be prohibited for
  non-medical use in the U.S., especially in SW
  states...California (1915), Texas (1919),
  Louisiana (1924), and New York (1927).
• Reference (7, 11)

8
History 7

• 1928 Recreational use of Cannabis is banned in
  Britain.
• 1930s Marijuana is looked upon as a narcotic
  responsible for crimes of violence.
• 1937 Cannabis made federally illegal in the U.S.
  with the passage of the Marihuana Tax Act.
• This law was the culmination of a campaign
  organized by the Federal Bureau of Narcotics
  under Harry Anslinger in which the public was led
  to believe that marihuana was addictive and
  caused violent crimes, psychosis, and mental
  deterioration.
• Anyone using the hemp plant for certain defined
  industrial or medical purposes was required to
  register and pay a tax of a dollar an ounce. A
  person using marihuana for any other purpose had
  to pay a tax of 100 an ounce on unregistered
  transactions. Those failing to comply were
  subject to large fines or prison terms for tax
  evasion.
• Reference (7, 11)

9
History 8

• 1938 New York's Mayor Fiorello LaGuardia
  appointed a committee of scientists to study the
  medical, sociological, and psychological aspects
  of marihuana use in New York City.
• They found no proof that major crime was
  associated with marijuana or that it caused
  aggressive or antisocial behavior marijuana was
  not sexually over stimulating and did not change
  personality there was no evidence of acquired
  tolerance.
• 1960s - large numbers of people began to use
  marijuana recreationally.
• 1970 Congress passed the Controlled Substances
  Act. This law assigned psychoactive drugs to five
  schedules and placed cannabis in Schedule I, the
  most restrictive.
• Schedule I drugs have no medical use, a high
  potential for abuse, and they cannot be used
  safely even under a doctor's supervision.
• Reference (7,11)

10
History 9

• 1972 The National Organization for the Reform of
  Marijuana Laws (NORML) petitioned the Bureau of
  Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs (formerly the
  Federal Bureau of Narcotics) to transfer
  marijuana to Schedule II so that it could be
  legally prescribed by physicians.
• They were joined by the Drug Policy Foundation
  and the Physicians Association for AIDS Care.
• The government refused to transfer it to Schedule
  II.
• This decision was appealed several times by NORML
  and others.
• 1975 FDA establishes Compassionate Use program
  for medical marijuana.
• 1985 - The government reclassified synthetic THC
  as a Schedule II drug but kept marijuana itself -
  and THC derived from marihuana - in Schedule I.
  
  - Marinol a THC
  synthetic drug is put on the market for easing
  the nausea and vomiting associated with
  chemotherapy treatments.
• Reference (7, 11)

11
History 10

• 1988 DEA administrative law Judge Francis Young
  finds after thorough hearings that marijuana has
  clearly established medical use and should be
  reclassified as a prescriptive drug. His
  recommendation is ignored.
• 1992 Marinol is approved for treatment of
  appetite lose and anorexia associated with AIDS
  patients.
• 1995 Introduction of hashish-making equipment
  and appearance of locally produced hashish in
  Amsterdam coffee shops.
• 1996 Voters in Arizona and California approve
  physician prescribed marijuana for medical
  reasons.
• July 2, 1999 DEA and FDA move synthetic THC drugs
  (Marinol) from schedule II to schedule III.
• Reference (7,11)

12
Use

• Monitoring the future Study by NIDA is an annual
  assessment of drug use among students nationwide.
• Pre-1990, marijuana use was decreasing. The
  following statistics show the dramatic increase
  marijuana use among students during the 1990s.
• References (18)

13
Percentage of 8th-Graders Who
Have Used Marijuana Monitoring
the Future Study, 1999 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1
996 1997 1998 1999 A 10.2 11.2 12.6 16.7 19.9
23.1 22.6 22.2 22.0 B 6.2 7.2 9.2 13.0 15.8
18.3 17.7 16.9 16.5 C 3.2 3.7 5.1 7.8 9.1 11.3 1
0.2 9.7 9.7 D 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.8 1.5 1.1 1.1 1.4

AEver used BUsed in past CUsed in past
month D Daily use in past month
14
Percentage of 10th-Graders Who Have Used
Marijuana
Monitoring the Future
Study, 1999
9
1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
A 23.4 21.4 24.4 30.4 34.1 39.8 42.3 39.6
40.9 B 16.5 15.2 19.2 25.2 28.7 33.6 34.8 31.1
32.1 C 8.7 8.1 10.9 15.8 17.2 20.4 2
0.5 18.7 19.4 D 0.8 0.8 1.0 2.2 2.8 3.5 3.7 3.6 3
.8 AEver used BUsed in past CUsed in past
month D Daily use in past month
15
Percentage of 12th-Graders Who Have Used
Marijuana
Monitoring the Future Study, 1999

1979 1985 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1
996 1997 1998 1999 Ever Used 60.4
A 54.2 36.7 32.6 35.3 38.2 41.7 44.9 49.6
49.1 49.7 Used in Past Year 50.8
B 40.6 23.9 21.9 26.0 30.7 34.7 35.8 38.5 37.5 37.
8 Used in Past Month 36.5
C 25.7 13.8 11.9 15.5 19.0 21.2 21.9 23.7 22.8 23.
1 Daily Use in Past Month 10.3
D 4.9 2.0 1.9 2.4 3.6 4.6 4.9 5.8 5.6 6.0
AEver used BUsed in past CUsed in past
month D Daily use in past month
16
Predisposition to using Marijuana

• Weak parent-child attachment
• Less parental structure
• Sibling drug use
• deviant friends
• low achieving friends
• dropping out of high school
• alcohol and cigarette abuse
• Living in settings where drugs are used
• mother or father use drugs
• References (3,4,5,12,13,14,16,18,20)

17
Predisposition 2

• Living in violent settings
• child abuse and neglect
• low religious and cultural ties
• mental disorders
• Male
• pre-18 years of age
• Most young people grow out of drug use with
  rates of people using drugs dropping as they
  mature.
• drug using peers
• References (3,4,5,12,13,14,16,18,20)

18
Definitions

• Hemp - the Marijuana plant
• Bud - the part of the cannabis plant you smoke
• Cannabis -
• refers to marijuana and other substances made
  from the hemp plant
• also can be a reference to the plant itself
  (Cannabis Sativa)
• Hash oil - tar-like liquid distilled from Hashish
• more potent than Hashish
• Hashish (Hash) and Charas - sticky resin from the
  female plant flowers
• most potent (10-20 THC)
• References (7,11,19,23)

19
Definitions continued

• Ganja and sinsemila - dried material found on
  tops and buds of the female flower
• 5-8THC
• Bhang and marijuana - dried remainder of the
  plant
• 2-5 THC
• Hit - one puff of Marijuana smoke
• Reference (7,11,19,23)

20
Street Names

• Pot
• grass
• weed
• Mary Jane
• Reefer
• Joints
• Ganja

• Herb
• Boom
• Gangster
• Chronic
• Aunt Mary
• Skunk
• Kif
• 200 some more
• Reference (6,7,11,17,19)

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The Plant

• Cannabis Sativa
• grows best in temperate and tropical regions
• Marijuana comes from the leaves and flowering
  tops of the plant
• Canaboids are the chemicals that are unique to
  the cannabis plant (INCLUDES THC)
• THC is most concentrated in the resin of the
  female plant flowers
• Reference (6,7,9,11,18,19,23)

22
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23
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24
THC

• NAME Tetrahydrocannabinols
• CHEMICAL NAME Tetrahydro 6,6,9-trimethyl-3-penty
  l-6H-dibenzo b,dpyran-1-ol
• CHEMICAL FORMULA C21H30O2
• Main active chemical in Marijuana
• Absorbed by fatty tissues in organs of the body
  (including brain)
• Can be detected in the body for days, but can be
  detected weeks later in chronic users.
• Changes the way sensory information is received
  and processed in the hippocampus.
• Reference (7,11,18,23)

25
Effects from THC

• Varies with dose, route of administration,
  experience of the user, vulnerability to
  psychoactive effects and setting of use.
• CNS
• enhanced senses
• altered perception of time
• sense of well being
• mild euphoria
• feeling of relaxation
• relief from anxiety
• Reference (2,7,11,15,17)

26
Effects continued

• CNS at High doses
• intensified emotions
• mild sensory distortions
• mild hallucinations
• acute depressive reactions
• acute panic reactions
• mild paranoia
• impaired mental coordination
• loose of complex motor functioning
• References (7,11,15,17)

27
Effects continued

• Cardiovascular System
• Increased heart rate
• Increased blood pressure
• blood vessels of the cornea dilate
• blood shot eyes
• dizziness
• Pulmonary System
• marijuana contains more tars and many of the same
  carcinogenic compounds as tobacco smoke
• bronchial irritation and inflammation
• References (3,7,11,15,17)

28
Effects Continued

• Immune system
• immunosuppression - subtle and usually
  insignificant
• reduced spleen function
• THC inhibits the spleen cells because they
  contain cannabinoid receptors in their membranes
• Reproductive system (Males)
• reduced testosterone levels
• reduced sperm production
• Reproductive system (Females)
• decreased levels of FSH and LH hormones
• disturbances in the menstrual cycle
  References (7,11,15,17)

29
Side Effects

• Sedation
• altered motor coordination
• impaired cognition
• reduced short-term memory
• These attribute to difficulty performing in
  school and in work.
• Impairment persists for 4-8 hours from one hit.
• References (7,8,11,15,17)

30
Tolerance/Withdrawal

• Result from an adaptation of the brain to the
  continuous presence of the drug
• It is known that marijuana causes a psychological
  addiction, but the question is if it causes a
  physiological addiction.
• Develops rapidly - Disappears rapidly
• Withdrawal Symptoms DO occur in some marijuana
  users
• restlessness
• aches/pains
• depression
• sweating
• difficulty concentrating
• shaky hands
• irritability
• mild agitation
• insomnia
• sleep disturbances
• nausea and cramping
• decreased appetite
• drug craving
• Reference (2,7,17,19)

31
Oral Administration

• Joint or Nail - loose marijuana rolled into
  cigarette papers and smoked
• Most common way to smoke marijuana.
• Reference (6,7,19,23)

32
Joint/nail
33
Blunts

• Tobacco is removed from the inside of the cigar,
  and replaced with marijuana.
• Blunts offers several advantages to the user
• The tobacco wrapper slows down the burning rate
  of the joint. This allows a greater number of
  users to share the same joint.
• A blunt holds more marijuana than a joint, and is
  convenient to use and store. A single user can
  smoke it, extinguish it, and easily re-light it.
• Reference (6,7,19,23)

34
Pipes/Bowls

• Marijuana is placed in to bowl
• it does not have to be chopped up, an entire bud
  can be placed in the bowl
• The marijuana is lit and the smoke is sucked from
  the other end.
• Reference (6,7,19,23)

35
Bongs

• Bongs, or water pipes pass the smoke through
  water to cool and filter it.
• The principal benefit of smoking grass through a
  bong is that the smoke is cooled and several
  carcinogens are removed without removing THC.
• Reference (6,7,19,23)

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37
Edible Marijuana

• Some people use Marijuana for cooking. They do
  not get a high amount of THC from this method
  however.
• It is common to mix the bud with butter, let it
  cook in a crock-pot and then strain it.
• The active ingredients are left in the butter.
• Brownies
• Use the butter to bake the brownies or just use
  the marijuana bud or leaves in the brownies.
• Tea
• Use Marijuana in with the other herbs to brew the
  tea.
• References (7,19,23)
• Reference (7, 19,23)

38
Therapeutic Uses

• Dronabinol (Marinol)
• Synthetic THC
• formulated in sesame oil
• used as an appetite stimulant in patients with
  AIDS
• used to treat nausea and vomiting associated with
  chemotherapy
• reduces muscle spasms and pain in multiple
  sclerosis
• reduces intraocular pressure in glaucoma patients
• antidepressant and analgesic effects are also
  claimed
• Synthetic THC Dosages
• Appetite Stimulant 2.5 mg/ Chemotherapy dose 5mg
  (3x daily)
• References (1,7,11,21,23)

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Medical Marijuana (pro)

• Relief of pain
• Relief from nausea and vomiting (good for
  Chemotherapy patients)
• Increased appetite (good for AIDS patients)
• very difficult to ingest fatal amounts
• chemotherapy agents are much more lethal
• Reduced pressure in the eyes (good for glaucoma
  patients)
• legalizing Marijuana will decrease its illicit
  use
• References (1,7,9,10,21)

41
Medical Marijuana (con)

• Marijuana cigarettes contain high levels of tar
• twice as much a tabacco cigarettes
• unproven safety and effectiveness of Marijuana
• increased heart rate
• Increased risk of infection (Not good for AIDS
  patients)
• impairment of pulmonary defenses against
  microorganisms
• Increased risk of lung cancer (Not good for
  chemotherapy patients)
• Effect of reduced pressure in eyes is very short
  lasting.
• Marijuana seems to be a gate way drug
• references (1,7,9,10,15,21)

42
Gateway Drug

• Some research has found that marijuana users are
  more likely than non-users to try other drugs.
• A 1994 survey reported in the NY Times found that
  17 of marijuana users said they had tried
  cocaine, while only 0.2 of non-users has tried
  cocaine.
• These results can be interpreted in two ways
• 83 of all marijuana smoker never try cocaine.
• A marijuana smoker has a 85 chance of trying
  cocaine.
• A study by Kandel found that the risk of using
  cocaine was 104 times greater if you used
  marijuana
• Studies have shown that marijuana users tend to
  be more likely to abuse other drugs, but they
  have not shown that it is marijuana causing the
  likeliness.
• Others argue, that those who use marijuana are
  just as susceptible to cocaine and other drugs
  before they use marijuana. Marijuana is just
  used first because it is easy to find.
• It is also interesting that those who drink a lot
  of alcohol are more likely to smoke marijuana and
  then more likely to do other drugs.
• References (6,9,18,19)

43
Treatment for marijuana abuse

• Until a few years ago, treatment for marijuana
  users was no different then any other drug abuse
  program
• detoxification, behavioral therapy, and support
  groups
• Now marijuana abuse programs are focused on
  counseling and group support systems. (10-12
  people)
• Evaluate and treat other drug related disorders
  (alcoholism)
• Evaluate and treat comorbid psychiatric disorders
  (depression)
• Evaluate and treat comorbid medical problems
  (chronic pain)
• Educate about adverse effects of marijuana use
• Supportive care for withdrawal and panic symptoms
• calming environment
• Strengthen social support
• educate family and friends
• Comprehensive substance abuse programs.
• References (9,19)

44
Treatment 2

• Another model for treatment
• one-on-one intervention
• It begins with an assessment session that
  provides an overview to the patient, an in-depth
  discussion about the patients use of marijuana
  and reasons for favoring or opposing quitting.
• It then answers to questions the client has about
  quitting or modifying use
• A third model for treatment
• It involves a three-session intervention that
  focuses on helping patients resolve their mixed
  feelings about change.
• It identifies short-term goals of the patient
  that can be worked on over a 30-day period.
• It provides advice about initiating change in the
  life of the user.
• Lastly, it reviews the patients progress after 30
  days.
• Marijuana abuse programs do not last as long as
  other programs
• It is not unusual for a marijuana user to only
  need support for one month - meeting only 2 or 3
  times a week. Reference (9,19)

45
Treatment 3

• According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse
  (NIDA), each year 100,000 people seek treatment
  with a primary (or at least a self-perceived
  primary) marijuana abuse problem.
• Currently no medications for treating marijuana
  dependence are available.
• Reference (9,19)

46
Trafficking Penalties

• Almost all marijuana is smuggled into the US
  concealed in false compartments of travelers.
• In 1997, the US authorities seized 593 metric
  tons of marijuana from the Southwest Border.
• The following penalties for marijuana trafficking
  are as of January 1,1996.
• Reference (6)

47
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48
Interesting Quotes from Marijuana users

• I have always heard pot is an EXPECTORENT and so
  could help to clear a congested chest or sinus.
• Be sure to clean your bong well when sick. You
  dont want the germs hanging around any longer
  than neccesary.
• THCTotal Headache Cure
• I'm an Honors Student with a 3.8 GPA, so I guess
  I'm not the stereotypical stoner, after all none
  of us are.
• I guess I'm one of those people that you would
  never expect to be a stoner. I am a full time
  stay at home mom, a girl scout leader and a
  volunteer at my son's school. It is so funny to
  hear people talk about drug use and how they
  could tell if someone was stoned, and someone is
  right in front of them.
• I have amazing ideas when Im high. Far from
  making me dull and unmotivated, it gives me
  vision and i want to change the world.
• You know you're stoned when you trip over the
  pattern in the carpet.
• You know your stoned when the question , " What
  were we just talking about? " confuses you to no
  end! Reference (23)

49
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