Foundations of AT

1
Foundations of AT

• Part 2

2
What are Types of Technology?

• Used in our culture

3
Types of Technology

• Entertainment
• Information Communication
• Instructional
• Medical
• Assistive

4
Entertainment Technology

• iPod / MP3
• DVD player
• Tivo /DVR
• CD Player
• Wii, Playstation, etc.
• HD TV
• Satellite dish
• What else??

• Music
• Videos
• Games
• Book on CD
• Broadcast TV
• Multimedia literature
• What else??

What about edutainment software?
5
Information and Communication Technology

• Help us to communicate and interact with others,
  work, problem-solve, find information and manage
  ourselves, our homes and lives more efficiently
  and effectively

6
Information Communication Technology

• Email IM
• Websites Blogs
• Text Messaging
• Word Processing
• Internet Search
• Database Programs
• Spreadsheets
• Graphics Packages
• Multimedia Development
• Desktop publishing

• Cell Phones
• PDA
• Digital Cameras
• Computers Laptops
• Fax
• Copy Machines
• Wifi
• What else??

7
ICT enhances Productivity
Quantity Quality
Specific Amount of Time
So what does it mean to be more productive?
8
Productivity in School

• What tools help make teachers productive?
• What are the tasks teachers do?
• What tools can help?

• What tools help make students productive?
• What are the tasks students do?
• What tools can help?

9
Instructional Technology

• It is the use of computers, multimedia, and other
  technological tools to enhance the teaching and
  learning process
• It is about increasing learning productivity,
  i.e.,
• Instructional effectiveness (learn more)
• Instructional efficiency (learn in less time)
• Instructional appeal (be more motivated to learn)

10
Instructional Technologies

• Media Technologies

• Instructional Process Technologies

• Tools
• Computers, CD, DVD, projection devices, digital
  audio and video recording, editing devices or
  software used by teachers
• To prepare or present information
• To assess student knowledge, skill or progress

• Strategies
• Systematic principles of instructional design and
  delivery
• Include strategies, methods and techniques
• A.k.a. Technology of Teaching

11
Instructional Technology is used to...

• Plan instructional interventions,
• Prepare print, audio, video or digital
  instructional materials,
• Instruct the relevant content (knowledge and
  skills),
• Manage student interests, materials or data
  during instruction,
• Assess student learning, and
• Extend instructional impact through maintenance
  and generalization activities

From Newby, Stepich, Lehman Russell (2000)
12
The Web as an Instructional Technology Tool

• http//www.teachers.net
• http//www.teach-nology.com
• http//www.4teachers.org
• http//www.eduref.org/
• Office Tips for Teachers

13
Medical Technology

• Technology whose purpose is to improve or sustain
  positive health
• Diagnosis or assessment
• Prevention or treatment
• Examples??

Medical Technology From Wikipedia Medical
technology refers to the diagnostic or
therapeutic application of science and technology
to improve the management of health conditions.
Technologies may encompass any means of
identifying the nature of conditions to allow
intervention with devices, pharmacological,
biological or other methods to increase life span
and/or improve the quality of life.
14
When does medical technology affect the classroom?

• Schools certainly do not provide medical
  technology, even as a part of special education
• But, to what extent do schools need to support
  the presence or use of medical tech in the
  classroom?
• This question made it all the way to the Supreme
  Court in two cases
• Irving v. Tatro (1984)
• Cedar Rapids School District v. Garett F (1999)

15
1984 - Irving v. Tatro

• 8-year-old was born with spina bifida.
• As a result she suffers from orthopedic and
  speech impairments and a neurogenic bladder,
  which prevents her from emptying her bladder
  voluntarily.
• Consequently, she must be catheterized every
  three or four hours to avoid injury to her
  kidneys.
• To accomplish this, a procedure known as clean
  intermittent catheterization (CIC) was
  prescribed.
• Parents asked the school to do this as a related
  service but the school said it was a medical
  service

Education or Medical What do you think and why?
16
Irving v. Tatro
The Decision

• CIC is a "related service" under the Education of
  the Handicapped Act of 1975.
• CIC services qualify as a "supportive service .
  . . required to assist a handicapped child to
  benefit from special education," within the
  meaning of the Act.
• Without CIC services available during the school
  day, the child cannot attend school and thereby
  "benefit from special education."
• Such services are no less related to the effort
  to educate than are services that enable a child
  to reach, enter, or exit a school.

Access The Floor of Opportunity
17
1999 Cedar Rapids v. Garret F

• When Garret F., was four years old, he was
  involved in a motorcycle accident and suffered a
  spinal cord injury.
• His mental abilities were unaffected, but he was
  left quadriplegic and ventilator dependent.
• Garret has required a personal attendant within
  hearing distance of him at all times to provide
  for his daily health care needs, including
• urinary bladder catheterization about once a day,
  
• suctioning his tracheostomy as needed,
• providing food and drink on a regular schedule,
• repositioning, and
• ambu bag administration if the ventilator
  malfunctions.
• In addition, the nurse is responsible for
  ventilator settings checks, blood pressure
  monitoring, and bowel disimpactation in cases of
  autonomic hyperreflexia

18
1999 Cedar Rapids v. Garret F

• The Issue
• From kindergarten through fourth grade, Garrets
  parents provided a nurse to attend to his medical
  needs while in school
• At 5th grade, parents asked school to provide the
  nursing services while he was in school
• The school district refused to provide the
  services on the grounds it was not obligated to
  provide continuous one-on-one nursing services.

19
Cedar Rapids v. Garret F
The Decision

• The issue of whether the services are related or
  medical is controlled by Irving Independent
  School District v. Tatro, 468 U.S. 883 (1984).
• The services provided to Garret are related
  services, not medical services, because the
  services could be provided by a nurse or
  layperson.
• Tatro required a court to find supportive
  services are related services unless the services
  are of the kind that only a physician can
  provide.

Access The Floor of Opportunity
20
Assistive Technology

• Any item, piece of equipment, or product system,
  whether acquired commercially, modified, or
  customized, that is used to increase, maintain,
  or improve the functional capabilities of
  individuals with disabilities.
• -Technology-Related Assistance Act of 1988

What is AT? What does it do?
21
What is Assistive Technology?
Assistive Technology is a tool that allows a
person to do a task such that, without the tool,
the person could not do the task at the expected
level of performance
Purpose of AT is COMPENSATORY
22
AT Performance Enhancement
Expected Performance On Tasks
Development Over Years
23
IT vs. AT in the School Setting
AT Compensate
IT Teach / Remediate
Instructional
Assistive
Can learn without
Cant learn without
24
Example A Calculator

• As a supplement to instruction, calculator
  focuses student on math reasoning instead of
  computation
• Student can still do computation but its faster
  with the calculator
• As assistive technology, calculator compensates
  for the students inability to recall math
  facts while focusing on math reasoning
• Student cannot do computation without the
  calculator

25
Assistive Technology

• Q If AT helps people to function better, why
  isnt it assistive technology for anyone?
• A Because it is defined specifically for people
  with disabilities!

26
Assistive Technology tools
Are UNIQUELY matched to an individual student
with disabilities
27
How much AT is out there?
28
AT Categories from Rehabtool, 2002
29
Categories of AT are based upon

• Human Functions

• Human Activities

• Sensory functioning
• Manipulation
• Positioning Mobility
• Memory
• Communication

• Daily Living
• Recreation Leisure
• Computer Use
• Education
• Work

30
How did AT develop in Society Schools

• Next