TURKEY

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TURKEY

• A country in transition

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A land with plenty of natural beauties
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And historical wealth
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With rich cultural heritage
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The pride of Turks The best of WORLD CUP 02
Turkish National Soccer Team
Galatasaray
The best team in Europe
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Geo-political location

• Cradle of many civilizations
• Melting pot of cultures
• The land that
• Asia and Europe meet
• Provides a natural passage from Black Sea to
  Mediterranean Sea
• Several religions (including Christianity and
  Islam) meet and mix

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Modern Turkey bridges them all.
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Historical Background
Pre-Turkish period (from antiquity until 11th
Century)

• Hittites (2000-1000 BC)

• Phrygians, and Lydian's
• (1000-550 BC)

• Hellenistic period
• (800-130 BC)

• Romans
• (130 BC- 395 AD)

• Byzantine era (395-1453)

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Ancestral Homeland of Turkic people
Anatolian Seljuks
Seljuks
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Rise of Ottoman Empire (14th and
15th Century)
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Aftermath of WWI

• Ottoman Empire and her allies (Germany,
  Austro-Hungarian Empire and Bulgaria) lost the
  war
• Allied Powers decided to partition Ottoman
  territories in the Middle East and create new
  states
• Invasion of Turkish territories in Thrace and
  Anatolia by Britain, France, Italy and Greece
• Turkish resistance to foreign invasion begins
  with the leadership of Mustafa Kemal (1919)
• Turkish Independence War (1919-1922), all the
  territories in Thrace and Anatolia are regained
• Founding of Turkish Republic (29 October 1923)

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Turkish Republic (1923)
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Transition form an Empire to a Republic

• Change in political system
• Nationalism and westernization, unitary state,
  parliamentary democracy. Ottoman dynasty exiled.
• Social Reforms
• Secularism, abolition of Caliphate.
• New civil and penal codes, metric system of
  units.
• Switch to Latin script, abolition of old
  education system.
• Rights of Women.
• Westernization in arts, literature and sciences.
• Economical system
• Emphasize on industrialization, encouragement of
  private enterprise, state enterprise in heavy
  industry.
• Self-sufficiency in traditional economic
  activities.

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Turkey during WWII

• Mustafa Kemal Atatürk dies (1938)
• Turkey is neutral till very end of WWII
• Crisis of Straits
• Multiparty system

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Cold War and its consequences(another transition
period)

• Turkey joins UN forces fighting in Korea (1950)
• Concerns about Soviet ambitions, Turkey becomes a
  full member of NATO (1952)
• Rise of economical and social problems, concerns
  about civil liberties
• 1960 military coup, return to democracy in early
  1963
• Cyprus crisis
• Oil crisis and its impact on Turkish economy
• Turmoil of late 70s, 1980 military coup, return
  to democracy in 1983

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Post Cold War Turkey

• New relations with Caucasian states, Central
  Asian Turkic states and Russia
• New relations with Balkan states
• Gulf War and its consequences for Turkish economy
  and political thought
• PKK terrorism
• Uncertainty in the Middle East, Turkeys unique
  position

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Challenges in the 21st Century

• Economy
• Rise of fundamentalism
• Rapid urbanization
• Human rights
• Political instability in the region

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Outlook for the future
is bright!
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References and sources of information

• Books
• S.J. Shaw, History of Ottoman Empire and Modern
  Turkey, Cambridge, 1976
• B. Lewis, The Middle East, Simon Schuster,
  1995
• P.B. Golden, Introduction to History of Turkic
  Peoples, O. Harrassowitz, 1992
• J.A. Garraty and P.Gay, The Columbia History of
  the World, Harper Row, 1972
• Web sites
• Turkish embassy website www.turkey.org/
• Turkish Ministry of Culture website
  www.kultur.gov.tr/
• US Library of Congress website
  http//lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/troc.html
• Turkish Odyssey website www.turkishodyssey.com/t
  urkey/history/

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