Americans with Disabilities Act ISD 651 Assignment

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Americans with Disabilities ActISD 651
Assignment 6 by Pat LombardBarbara
KimbleMelissa Jones
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HistoryThe Americans with Disabilities Act of
1990 (ADA) is the civil rights guarantee for
persons with disabilities in the United States.
It provides protection from discrimination for
individuals on the basis of disabilities. The ADA
extends civil rights protection for people in
public and private sectors, transportation,
public accommodations, services provided by state
and local government, and telecommunication relay
services.
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Father of ADAJustin Dart, Jr., was born on
August 29, 1930, into a wealthy and prominent
family. His grandfather was the founder of the
Walgreen Drugstore chain, his father a successful
business executive, his mother a matron of the
American avant garde. Dart contracted polio in
1948. Polio left Dart a wheelchair user, but he
never grieved about this. The final turning
point in Dart's life came during a visit to
Vietnam in 1966, to investigate the status of
rehabilitation in that war-torn country. 
Visiting a"rehabilitation center" for children
with polio, Dart instead found squalid conditions
where disabled children were left on concrete
floors to starve.  One child, a younggirl dying
there before him, took his hand and looked into
his eyes.  "That scene," he would later write,
"is burned forever in my soul.  For the first
time in my life Iunderstood the reality of evil,
and that I was a part of that reality."The
recipient of five presidential appointments and
numerous honors, including the Hubert Humphrey
Award of the Leadership Conference on Civil
Rights, Dart was on the podium on the White House
lawn when President George H. Bush signed the ADA
into law in July 1990. 
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How does this impact higher educationThe ADA
upholds and extends the standards for compliance
set forth in Section 504 of the Rehabilitation
Act of 1973 to employment practices,
communications, and all policies, procedures and
practices that impact on the treatment of
students with disabilities. Employment issues for
all institutions are covered under Title II
private institutions are covered under Title III.
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Areas impacted by ADAEmployment, Public
Transportation, Telephone Relay Service,
Education, Labor, Housing, and Parks and
Recreation
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 Employment(EEOC) Under Title VII, the ADA,
and the ADEA, it is illegal to discriminate in
any aspect of employment, including        
hiring and firing          compensation,
assignment, or classification of employees
         transfer, promotion, layoff, or
recall          job advertisements         
recruitment          testing          use
of company facilities          training and
apprenticeship programs          fringe
benefits          pay, retirement plans, and
disability leave or other terms and conditions
of employment.
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Public TransportationIn 1990, the Americans
with Disabilities Act (ADA) was signed into law.
ADA decrees that any entity -- be it a building,
a restaurant, an office, a sidewalk, a restroom,
a bus, you name it -- that is open to the public
must be accessible to people with disabilities.
ADA also says that people with disabilities are
entitled to equal employment opportunities.
Needless to say, ADA has made quite an impact on
the transportation industry the act's various
titles prescribe an extremely comprehensive
program that affects every aspect of
transportation. And that makes sense ADA is all
about accessibility, mobility, getting from one
place to the other easily, conveniently,
reliably. What is somewhat less obvious is the
extent to which the Federal Highway
Administration (FHWA) is involved in ADA
oversight and implementation -- in terms of both
public accommodation and employment.
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Telephone Relay ServiceThe term
"telecommunications relay services" means
telephone transmission services that provide the
ability for an individual who has a hearing
impairment or speech impairment to engage in
communication by wire or radio with a hearing
individual in a manner that is functionally
equivalent to the ability of an individual who
does not have a hearing impairment or speech
impairment to communicate using voice
communication services by wire or radio. Such
term includes services that enable two-way
communication between an individual who uses a
TDD or other non-voice terminal device and an
individual who does not use such a device.
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EDUCATIONIndividuals with Disabilities
Education Act-The 1997 amendments specifically
require that, as a condition of State eligibility
for funding under Part B of IDEA, children with
disabilities are included in general State and
district-wide assessment programs. The
amendments also address timelines and reporting
requirements. The final regulations essentially
incorporate these statutory provisions on general
State and district-wide assessments verbatim.
These provisions require that States and LEAs
must         Provide for the participation of
children with disabilities in general State and
district-wide assessments with appropriate
accommodations and modifications in
administration, if necessary         Provide
for the conduct of alternate assessments not
later than July 1, 2000 for children who cannot
participate in the general assessment programs
andMake available, and report, to the public on
the assessment results of disabled children, with
the same frequency and in the same detail as
reported on the assessment results of
non-disabled children.
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LABOR The Civil Rights Center, enforces various
Federal statutes and regulations that (1)
prohibit discrimination in DOL financially
assisted and conducted programs and activities
(2) prohibit discrimination on the basis of
disability by certain public entities and in DOL
conducted activities and, (3) prohibit
discrimination within DOL itself.
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HOUSING If you or someone associated with
youHave a physical or mental disability
(including hearing, mobility and visual
impairments, chronic alcoholism, chronic mental
illness, AIDS, AIDS Related Complex and mental
retardation) that substantially limits one or
more major life activities Have a record of such
a disability or Are regarded as having such a
disability your landlord may notRefuse to let
you make reasonable modifications to your
dwelling or common use areas, at your expense, if
necessary for the disabled person to use the
housing. (Where reasonable, the landlord may
permit changes only if you agree to restore the
property to its original condition when you
move.) Refuse to make reasonable accommodations
in rules, policies, practices or services if
necessary for the disabled person to use the
housing.
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PARKS AND RECREATIONNo person in the United
States shall, on the grounds of race, color,
national origin, age or disability be subjected
to unlawful discrimination under any program or
activity conducted by or which receives Federal
financial assistance from the Department of the
Interior. Discrimination includes denial of
services, aids, or benefits provision of
different service or in a different manner and
segregation or separate treatment. In addition,
sex discrimination is prohibited in Federally
assisted educational programs.  ACCESSIBILITYDO
I is developing access to America's public lands
and resources and is working to assure these
opportunities are provided to all
Americans.  ACCOMMODATIONS DOI provides equal
employment opportunity for individuals with
disabilities who are Federal employees or
applicants for Federal employment. 
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References TURNING ACCESSIBLE PLAYGROUNDS INTO
FULLY INTEGRATED PLAYGROUNDS JUST ADD A LITTLE
ESSENCE. By Malkusak, Tony Schappet, Jean
Bruya, Lawrence., Parks Recreation, May2002,
Vol. 37 Issue 5, p66, 5p Reference Books
Bulletin ADA Requirements and Provisions. By
Flynn, Barbara Walsh, Jim., Booklist, 3/15/95,
Vol. 91 Issue 14, p1345, 1/2p Poverty status of
persons with severe visual limitations'.
Journal of Visual Impairment Blindness,
Mar/Apr95 Part 2 of 2, Vol. 89 Issue 2, p4,
2p One in five Americans is defined as
disabled. By Baker, Denise., Nation's Cities
Weekly, 3/7/94, Vol. 17 Issue 10, p20,
2/5p Management news. Journal of Visual
Impairment Blindness, Jul/Aug94, Vol. 88 Issue
4, p12, 3p Reports on developments concerning
the organizations dealing with the visually
impaired. Includes establishment of the Veterans
Affairs' National Partnership Council' Americans
with Disabilities Act's guideline in a video
seminar form for business establishments'
compliance of ADA's regulations Availability of
an electronic discussion group for nonprofit
officials who has access to Internet. (item
9503065960)
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Helping employers comply with the ADA an
assessment of how the United States Equal
Employment Opportunity Commission is enforcing
title I of the Ame Helping state and local
governments comply with the ADA an assessment
of how the United States Department of Justice is
enforcing title II, subpartAccess travel,
airports a guide to accessibility of
terminals. Americans with Disabilities Act
what managers supervisors need to know about
the ADA / ADA overview on video. Journal of
Visual Impairment Blindness, Oct93, Vol. 87
Issue 8, p314, 1/9p Introduces the videotape
The Americans with Disabilities Act Video,' from
the Disability Book Catalog. Contents Contact
information. (item 9402152748) 
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WEB LINKShttp//www.americans-with-disabilities-
act.comhttp//www.mtsu.edu/dssemail/graphic/ada.
htm http//www.eeoc.gov/facts/qanda.html
http//www.tfhrc.gov/pubrds/fall94/p94au18.htmht
tp//www.fcc.gov/cgb/dro/title4.html
http//www.ed.gov/offices/OSERS/Policy/IDEA/MAJOR
.DOC http//www.dol.gov/oasam/programs/crc/crcwel
come.htm http//www.hud.gov/offices/fheo/FHLaws/i
ndex.cfm http//www.doi.gov/diversity/5civil.htm
http//www.ars.usda.gov/eeo/ada.htm
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Web Page Design Guidelines

• Joel Lewis
• Dawn Wright
• Jody Scanlan
• Katherine Jackson

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Web Page Design Guidelines

• Organizations
• Guidelines
• Design Components
• Bobby
• References

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Organizations

• The World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) promotes
  accessibility of websites.
• Web Accessibly Initiative (WAI) Web
  accessibility issues addressed in the following
  areas technology, guidelines, tools, education
  and outreach, and research and development.
• Bobbycreated to help web page authors identify
  and repair barriers to access by individuals with
  disabilities.
• EASI (Equal Access to Software and Information)
  provides consulting to colleges, universities and
  public libraries on how to make their computer
  and information systems accessible to students,
  faculty and staff with disabilities.
• National Institute on Disability and
  Rehabilitation Research provides materials on
  principles of accessible design, along with some
  specific guidelines.

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Organizations

• Center for Applied Special Technology (CAST) an
  educational, not-for-profit organization that
  uses technology to expand opportunities for all
  people, especially those with disabilities.
• Universal Design for Learning (UDL) strives to
  make the curriculum adjustable for students with
  varied abilities and learning styles rather than
  forcing students to work with a set curriculum
  with inflexible materials.
• APrompt Organization provides comprehensive
  support for the WAI guidelines and steps you
  through repairing the problems it finds
  (especially for developers of small sites or
  beginners with accessibility.)
• Aware Center Organization (Accessible Web
  Authoring Resources and Education) resource for
  web authors for learning about web accessibility.
  

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Accessibility Web Design Guidelines

• U.S. Architectural and Transportation Barriers
  Compliance Board Standards
• W3C guidelines
• Guidelines in plain english

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W3C Guidelines (slide 1)

• Provide equivalent alternatives to auditory and
  visual content.
• Don't rely on color alone.
• Use markup and style sheets and do so properly.
• Clarify natural language usage
• Create tables that transform gracefully
• Ensure that pages featuring new technologies
  transform gracefully
• Ensure user control of time-sensitive content
  changes.

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W3C Guidelines (slide 2)

• Ensure direct accessibility of embedded user
  interfaces.
• Design for device-independence.
• Use interim solutions.
• Use W3C technologies and guidelines.
• Provide context and orientation information.
• Provide clear navigation mechanisms.
• Ensure that documents are clear and simple.

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Guidelines in plain English

• General Page Design Guidelines (alt link)
• General Graphical Concerns
• Special Features
• Test Web Pages

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General Design

• Maintain a simple, consistent page layout
  throughout your site.
• Keep backgrounds simple. Make sure there is
  enough contrast.
• Use standard HTML.
• Design large buttons.
• Caption video and transcribe other audio.
• Make links descriptive so that they are
  understood out of context.
• Include a note about accessibility encouraging
  feedback about accessibility problems.

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Graphics

• Include appropriate ALT/LONGDESC attributes.
• Include menu alternatives for image maps to
  ensure that the embedded links are accessible.
• Include descriptive captions for pictures and
  transcriptions of manuscript images.
• Use a NULL value for unimportant graphics. ()
• Provide audio description and captions or
  transcripts of video.
• Consider other options for making graphical
  features accessible, e.g. alternative text.

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Special Features

• Use tables and frames sparingly and consider
  alternatives.
• Provide alternatives for forms and databases.
• Provide alternatives for content in applets and
  plug-ins.

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Test Web Pages

• Bobbi
• A-prompt
• WAVE
• Various browsers

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Web Page Design Components

• You should build a site that transforms
  effectively regardless of when, where, and how
  its viewed.
• Builder.com _at_ CNET

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Text

• Use H1 H6 tags to structure headings (not text
  size) may be used to build a Table of Contents
  by a user agent
• Dont use block quote or list containers for
  visual appearance text-to-voice software may
  interpret as a block quote even if the designer
  was only trying to indent a paragraph

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Text

• Provide a text-only alternative to audio or video
• Tags such as ltSTRONGgt and ltEMgt may indicate the
  same visual change as ltBgt, but may indicate an
  audible change, such as inflection or tone.

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Text Links

• Add text, as well as image, links
• Avoid click here as those using text-to-voice
  browsers cannot determine context.

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Color

• Color can cause problems for the color-blind,
  black and white monitors, or non-visual displays
• Make content available with without color

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Movement

• Automatic refresh may cause difficulty for some
  page may take a while to load, or may load too
  fast for some to finish
• Popup windows may be disruptive

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Tables

• Headers for each column and row
• Use the Summary attribute
• ltTABLE BORDER0 WIDTH600 SUMMARY "This table
  shows the number of hits registered on the site
  sorted by browser."gt

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Provide alternative content if you're creating
pages with certain elements

• When you use SCRIPT, provide NOSCRIPT
  information.
• When using FRAMES, provide NOFRAMES information.
• When using EMBED, provide NOEMBED information.
• When using APPLETS, use ALT text.
• When using FRAMESET, make sure to use TITLE.

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Other elements

• Addition of ALT-text (text alternatives for all
  graphics, including decorative graphics,
  graphical representations of text, bullets, and
  symbols)
• Titles for each frame

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What is Bobby?

• Comprehensive Web Accessibility Software Tool
• Released in 1996 Based on Trace Research and
  Development Center
• Now based on World Wide Web Consortiums (W3C)
  Web Accessibility Initiative

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Bobby Uses

• Identify barriers to accessibility
• Encourage compliance with existing guidelines
• Evaluate web pages and websites
• Support developers

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Bobby report consists of three sections

• Priority 1 Accessibility
• Priority 2 Accessibility
• Priority 3 Accessibility
• Section 508 Accessibility Analysis Available

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Priority 1 Accessibility

• Serious problems with usability
• Conformance Level A for Web Content Guidelines
•  

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Priority 1 Example
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Priority 2 Accessibility

• Not as serious but areas should try to be revised
• Conformance Level AA for Web Content Guidelines

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Priority 2 Example
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Priority 3 Accessibility

• Problems that should be considered
• Conformance with Priority 1 2 and User Checks
  Level AAA for Web Content Guidelines

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Priority 3 Example
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Section 508 Accessibility

• Problems receive equal priority
• All areas must meet standards to receive this
  rating
• Bobby Approved 508

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Bobby Approved Website
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Bobby Approved Website
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Resources

• Commuting and the ADA By Miklave, Matthew T.
  Trafimow, A. Jonathan., Workforce, Apr2002, Vol.
  81 Issue 4, p72, 4p
• Website for Visually Disabled People Does
  title III of the ADA Apply to Internet
  Websites?By Schloss, Adam M.., Columbia Journal
  of Law Social Problems, Fall2001, Vol. 35 Issue
  1, p35, 25p
• Web Design and Accessibility through a Trainers
  Eyes, Library Technology Reports, Jul/Aug2001,
  Vol. 37 Issue 4, p45, 12p
• Bobby Approves Web Accessibility for Print
  Disabled By Clyde, Anne., Teacher Librarian,
  Apr2001, Vol. 28 Issue 4, p52, 2p
• Curb Cuts on the Information Highway Making the
  Web Accessible By McDermott, Irene E..,
  Searcher, Mar2001, Vol. 9 Issue 3, p65, 5p, 3c

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Resources

• Making Websites Work for People with Disability
  By Foster, Andrea L.., Chronicle of Higher
  Education, 2/2/2001, Vol. 47 Issue 21, pA30, 3p,
  3c
• U. S. to Issue Rules Giving the Disable Access to
  Most Government Websites By Simpson, Glenn R..,
  Wall Street Journal - Eastern Edition,
  12/21/2000, Vol. 236 Issue 121, pB11, 0p
• Assuring the Provision of Accessible Digital
  Resources By Sloan, David Rowan, Murray
  Booth, Paul Gregor, Peter., Journal of
  Educational Media, Oct2000, Vol. 25 Issue 3,
  p203, 14p
• Locking Out the Disabled By Heim, Judy., PC
  World, Sep2000, Vol. 18 Issue 9, p181, 5p, 5c
• The ADA Stalks the Internet Is your web page
  illegal? By Frezza, Bill., InternetWeek,
  02/28/2000 Issue 802, p33, 1/2p

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Web References

• Bobby
• http//bobby.watchfire.com/bobby/html/en/index.jsp
  
• Center for Applied Special Technology
• http//www.cast.org/
• Equal Access to Software and Information
• http//www.rit.edu/easi/easi/alleasi.htm
• Archimedes Project
• http//www-csli.stanford.edu/arch/arch.html
• Aware Center Organization
• http//aware.hwg.org/

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Web References

• Builder.com _at_ CNET
• http//builder.cnet.com/webbuilding/pages/Authorin
  g/Accessibility/
• APrompt software
• http//aprompt.snow.utoronto.ca/overview.htm
• World Wide Web Consortium's (W3C)
• http//www.w3.org/TR/WAI-WEBCONTENT/
• Web Accessibly Initiative WAI
• http//www.w3.org/WAI/
• Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)
• http//www.w3.org/WAI/GL/new-charter-2000.html/

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Assistive / Adaptive Technologies

• Darryl Hollins Chotika Kalyanamitre
• Linda Spain Jane Wimberg

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What is adaptive/assistive technology?

• technologies designed to help individuals with
  disabilities overcome barriers encountered when
  using computer technology
• enabling hardware/software components that
  reduce/remove barriers to specific disabilities

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Common Types of Disabilities

• Verbal Communication
• Blind and Visually Impaired
• Cognitive Disabilities
• Deaf and Hard of Hearing

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Verbal Communication

• Augmentative Alternative Communication devices
• For clients with autism, laryngectomies, Cerebral
  Palsy, head injury, ALS (Lou Gehrigs Disease)
• LightWRITERsTM by ZYGO Industries, Inc.Are
  portable text-to-speech communication aids.
  Unique in having dual displays, one facing the
  user so he or she can see what is being typed,
  and a second outfacing display to allow
  communication in a natural face-to-face position.

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Verbal Communication Products

• DynaVox, lightweight portable device, allows for
  more vocabulary access

• A miniature DynaVox, the 3-pound DynaMyte is
  the only easy-to-carry device with powerful
  communication capabilities.

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Visually Impaired

• A Screen Reader software application reads aloud
  information displayed on a computer monitor
  screen. The screen reader reads aloud text within
  a document, and it also reads aloud information
  within dialog boxes and error messages. Screen
  Readers also read aloud and menu selections,
  graphical icons on the desktop. Recent upgrades
  are much better reading aloud information on the
  World Wide Web.
• Screen Magnification software enlarges the
  viewing area of a computer monitor display.
  Magnification levels are measured in power
  levels. Such has 2x (2 power), and can go as high
  a level as 16x magnification.

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Cognitive Disabilities

• Specialized user interface designed for people
  with visual, cognitive, and motor disorders.
• Uses graphics and sounds to remind users when to
  start and stop tasks.

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Cognitive Device

• PEATTMby Attention Control Systems,
  Inc.(Planning and Execution Assistant and
  Training System) is a program designed to provide
  cueing and planning assistance for people with
  memory and attention disorders. Typical users
  include patients with traumatic brain injury
  (TBI), neurodegenerative conditions including
  Alzheimer's disease, and attention deficit and
  hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

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PEAT

• PEAT's patented planning software was developed
  by a NASA computer scientist who develops
  automatic planning software for robotic
  spacecraft.
• The planning software is also based on
  neuropsychological models of frontal lobe and
  executive brain functions.

http//www.brainaid.com/Order.html
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Deaf and Hard of Hearing

• NexTalk-VMTM software for voice modems (for
  Windows)A personal communications software that
  allows you to use compatible voice modems to make
  and receive TTY calls.
• Features
• Simple Dialing and Answering
• Built-in Text Answering Machine
• Custom Phone Books
• Regular direct-dialed TTY and modem calls.
• User defined phone book entries for calls through
  relay services.

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Additional Technology

•  Mouse Alternatives
•  Keyboard Alternatives
•  Switch Access
•  Text - To - Speech
•  Speech Recognition

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Web Resources

• www.utoronto.ca/atrc/index.html
• Adaptive Technology Resource Center
• www.trace.wisc.edu/
• Trace Research and Development Center
• www.wid.org
• World Institute on Disability
• www.collaborative.org/ccattcenter.html
• Collaborative Center for Assistive Technology and
  Training

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Web Resources

• ABLE-NET
• DisabledInfo.com
• Disabilities-Online
• Innovative Products, Inc
• Mainstream Magazine
• Ability Hub Assistive Technology Solutions

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Journals

• Special Needs. SITE 2001 Section. Braswell,
  Ray, Ed.March 1, 2001 (ED457840)
• Milone, Michael.  " Special Teachers for Special
  Needs. "   Technology Learning, Apr 01, 2000,
  Vol.   20, Issue   9, p   40.
• Making Freehand. By Sheryl E. Davis M.J.
  Mulcahey Randal R. Betz., Technology
  Disability, 1999, Vol. 11 Issue 1/2, p29, 6p
• Online Resources for Adaptive Information
  Technologies. Balas, Janet L

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Journals

• Computers in Libraries, v19 n6 p38-40 Jun
  1999(EJ591541)
• Shaping the Future for Students with Special
  Needs A Review of Special Education in Alberta.
  Final Report. November 1, 2000 (ED451627)
• Levelling the Playing Field The Role of
  Libraries in Providing Online Services for People
  with Disabilities. Williamson, Kirsty Wright,
  Steve Schauder, Don Jenkins, Louise Stillman,
  LarryOctober 1, 2000 (ED452881)

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Journals

• The Internet and the Independence of Individuals
  with Disabilities. Grimaldi, Caroline Goette,
  TanyaInternet Research, v9 n4 p272-80
  1999(EJ593544)
• Computer and Information Technologies Student
  and Service Provider Perspectives. Fichten,
  Catherine S. Barile, Maria Asuncion, Jennison
  Judd, Darlene Alapin, Iris Lavers, Jason
  Havel, Alice Wolforth, JoanJuly 1, 1998
  (ED433626)  

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Journals

• Development and Evaluation of the Expertise
  Module of a System for Training Teachers in
  Adapting Alternative Communication to Disabled
  Children. Mioduser, David Waldman, Shoshi
  Neventzal, YeshayahuInnovations in Education and
  Training International, v35 n1 p36-48 Feb
  1998(EJ566470)
• Adaptive Computing Technology and the Disabled.
  Harrell, William L.On-Call, v12 n3 p35-41
  1998(EJ573676)

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Journals

• Assistive and Adaptive Technology--Supporting
  Competence and Independence in Young Children
  with Disabilities. Brett, ArleneDimensions of
  Early Childhood, v25 n3 p14-15,18-20 Sum
  1997(EJ549555)
• College Students with Disabilities and Assistive
  Technology A Desk Reference Guide. Thompson,
  Anne R. And OthersApril 30, 1997 (ED407810)