CHM 585/490

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CHM 585/490

• Chapter 20

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Soaps and Bulging Drum Case Story
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Soaps

• Contain both a hydrophilic (water loving) end and
  a hydrophobic (water repelling) portion.
• Hydrophilic end is the carboxylate salt
• Hydrophobic end is the aliphatic end
• U.S. soap detergent industry about 10 billion

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Saponification
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Fats

• Tallow- beef by-product most commonly utilized
  animal fat in the processing of soaps
• Coconut Oil from the dried fruit of the coconut
  tree
• Palm kernal oil from palm tree nuts

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Percentage of Acids from Different Fats
Tallow Coconut Palm kernal
Lauric C12 50 50
Myristic C14 3 18 18
Palmitic C16 27 8.5 8
Stearic C18 20 3 2
Oleic C18 unsaturated 43 6 14
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Soap

• RCO2- Na Typical soap
• RCO2- K Soft soap

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Cationic SurfactantsQuats
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Synthetic Detergents

• RSO3- Na

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Hypothesis IResidual ethylene oxide was
degassing from the ethoxylated alcohol during
storage at elevated temperatures
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Headspace GC

• No ethylene oxide detected

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Hypothesis 2

• Ethoxylated alcohol was breaking down via
  auto-oxidative mechanism in the presence of
  oxygen, elevated temperatures and trace metals

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Summary

• Wet chemical Analyses Degradation products not
  detected
• GC product quality good
• Atomic Absorption
• Fe 0.5ppm
• Co 0.6 ppm
• Ni lt 3 ppm
• Headspace GC no differences detected

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Conclusions

• Residual ethylene oxide is not the source of
  explosive gas
• Auto-oxidative breakdown of ethoxylated alcohol
  is not producing a problem

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Hypothesis 3

• Breakdown of a stabilizer (sodium borohydride) is
  causing the explosive gas
• BH4- 4H2O ? B(OH)4- 4 H2

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Conclusions

• Gas in headspace was hydrogen
• Breakdown of stabilizer to produce hydrogen was
  responsible for the bulged drums and results from
  excessive water in the product
• Recommend that borohydride be removed from the
  product

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U.S. Detergent Market
CE News 1/26/04
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VP RD for detergents at Procter Gamble?

• Guess who?
• Dr. Grime
• Im not making this up!
• (CE News 1/26/04)

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Many Ingredients (such as)

• Bleaching Compounds
• Builders
• Enzymes
• Suds suppressors
• Brighteners
• Softeners (clays)
• Dye Transfer Inhibiting Agents
• Surfactants
• Fragrances

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Bleaching Compounds

• Percarbonates often used

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Bleaching Compounds
Used in Tide and Gain C E News 1/26/04
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Builders

• To assist in controlling mineral hardness and
• to assist in the removal of particulate soils.
• Liquid formulations typically comprise from 5 to
  30, by weight, of detergent builder.
• Granular formulations typically comprise from
  15 to 50 by weight.

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Builders

• Often alkali metal silicates, particularly those
  having a SiO2Na2O ratio in the range 1.61 to
  3.21
• Zeolites (aluminosilicates) also commonly used

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• Enzymes can be included in the formulations for a
  wide variety of fabric laundering purposes,
  including removal of protein-based,
  carbohydrate-based, or triglyceride-based stains.