COMMUNICATION MODEL

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COMMUNICATION MODEL

• The way we Communicate

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What is Communication?

• The process of sending and reviewing messages to
  share meanings.

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Elements of the Model

• Sender - Speaker
• Receiver - Listener
• Messages
• Feedback
• Encoding
• Decoding
• Interference

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Two kinds of Messages

• Non-Verbal
• appearance
• gestures
• body movement
• eye contact
• spatial relations

• Verbal - using words
• volume
• tone

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What is Feedback?

• Reaction of the receiver to the senders message.
• Tells the sender how to send the next message.

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Encoding

• How the sender decides to send the messages based
  on PREDICTIONS or prior knowledge about the
  receiver

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Decoding

• Applying meaning and understanding the message
  that has been sent

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Interference

• External
• outside influences that affect communication
• noisy room airplane overhead
• Internal
• inside influences that affect communication
• prejudices anxiety worry

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Channels of Communication

• Channels are the senses you use in communication
• Hear
• See
• Touch

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Levels of Information(Encoding Predicting
reactions)

• Cultural - Little info. About receiver
• Sociological - Some general info. About the
  receiver.
• Individual - Personal knowledge of the receiver.

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Purposes of Communication

• Specific
• Exchange Info.
• Exerting Control
• Following Social rules
• Sharing Feelings

• General
• Social Contact
• Self-Esteem
• Gain Share knowledge

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What is Perception?

• Process of filtering and interpreting what your
  senses tell you so you can create a meaningful
  picture of the world.

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Steps in Perception

• Something affects the senses
• see, hear, taste, smell, touch
• interpret the sensation (give meaning to it)

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Differences in Perception come from

• Physical Differences
• Past Experiences background

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Differences in perception come from

• Present feelings circumstances
• Differences in using information

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Differences in Perception come from

• Differences in expectations

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Verbal Communication

• Uses words symbols that represent things but are
  not the things themselves.
• Why language changes the world is changing.
  New ideas and inventions need words to describe
  them.

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Meanings of Words

• Denotative Meaning---definition found in the
  dictionary
• Connotative Meaning---everyday meaning emotional
  or personal response to a word

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Kinds of Language

• Technical--area specific language mechanic
• Regional---specific to geographic area soda vs.
  pop
• Slang---phat
• Cultural--specific to particular religious or
  ethnic group barmitzvah

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Verbal Strategies that affect communication

• Exclude
• Include
• Put Down
• Build Up
• Reveal Self
• Conceal Self

• All of these verbal strategies are similar to the
  nonverbal strategies

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Nonverbal Communication

• Sending and Receiving messages without the use of
  words. Involves appearance, gestures, posture,
  eye contact, facial expressions, spatial
  relations, and time.

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Most communication is NONVERBAL
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Nonverbal Communication

• Accidental - nonverbal messages sent that the
  sender is unaware of but still communicate a
  message. Can contradict verbals

• Intentional - using nonverbal techniques to
  support verbal message(s)

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Never say anything that cannot improve upon
silence
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Vocal Cues as Nonverbals

• Pitch---the highness or lowness of voice
• Rate---how slowly or quickly a person talks
• Volume---loudness or softness of voice
• Quality---sound of the voice

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Nonverbals Can

• Repeat
• support
• contradict
• replace
• regulate

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Spatial Relations

• Intimate space---up to 1 1/2 feet hugging,
  telling secrets
• Personal space---1 1/2 to 4 feet quiet
  conversation
• Social space---4 to 12 feet group discussions
• Public space---over 12 feet calling or waving

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Listening

• Accurate Receiving

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Hearing vs. Listening

• Hearing - physical ability to pick up sound waves.

• Listening - 4 steps
• hear
• interpret
• understand
• recall

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Barriers to Listening

• Internal Distractions
• External Distractions
• Personal Biases
• Conflicting Demands

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Active Listening

• Stay Tuned In

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Most people would rather TALK than LISTEN
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• We understand 450 words per minute!
• We speak only 175 words per minute.
• How can we stay focused during the wasted time?

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Staying Tuned in Active Listening

• Read nonverbals
• Avoid distractions

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Staying Tuned In Active Listening

• Apply the ideas to yourself
• Paraphrase
• Know your effect on the sender

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You can never NOT communicate
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Self-Concept

• Beliefs about who you are based on perceptions,
  expectations, and others reactions
• Formed early in life
• Static---Hard to change

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Self Concept and Self-Efficacy

• Those with poor self-concept will complete tasks
  that are too EASY or too HARD
• Self-efficacy is your belief on what you can do

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What you need to know for the test!!!