Appendicular Skeleton

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Appendicular Skeleton

• The Other Half

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Upper and Lower extremities

• Name the bones of the foot.

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Upper extremities

• Pectoral or shoulder girdle
• Designed for mobility more than stability
• Held in place by muscles and ligaments
• The shoulder is often the site of dislocations
• Consists of
• Clavicle
• Scapula

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Clavicle

• Paired bones placed horizontally
• Main function to hold shoulder joint and arm away
  from thoracic area and allow freedom of movement
• Because of its position and thinness, it is
  broken more than any other bone in the body

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Scapula

• Acromion forms the point of the shoulder
• Articulates with the clavicle
• Is an attachment for chest and arm muscles

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Humerus

• Located between shoulder and elbow
• Longest and strongest bone of the upper body

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Ulna

• Located beneath the humerus on the side of the
  pinky finger
• Connects with humerus and radius

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Radius

• Means spoke of a wheel
• Long bone located on the thumb (lateral) side
• Wrist joint joins the forearm and wrist

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Carpus

• Is made up of eight short bones connected to each
  other by ligaments
• Carpal bones are arranged in two transverse rows
  of four bones each
• Also called the wrist

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Metacarpals

• There are five, numbered I to V
• They are miniature long bones
• Arranged like a fan

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Phalanges (Gr for a line of soldiers)

• There are 14 per hand
• Each digit has three parts
• The thumb has two phalanges

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Lower extremities have

• Pelvic Girdle and Pelvis
• Pelvic girdle made of
• Bones from both appendicular and axial skeleton
• Hipbones
• Paired
• Broadest bones in body
• Formed by ilium, ischium and pubis
• Acetabulum
• Means vinegar cup
• Socket joint for femur

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Functions of the pelvis

• Provides attachment sites for muscles of trunk
  and lower limbs
• Transmit and transfer the weight of the body from
  the vertebral column to femur
• Protect and support organs within the pelvis

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Ilium

• Forms the easily felt prominence of the hip

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Ischium

• Your sit down bone

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Pubis

• Symphysis pubis where the bilateral body of the
  pubis meets
• Male and female differences
• Female usually lighter and thinner
• Bone markings less prominent in females
• Sacrum is more curved in female (greater than 90
  degrees)
• Larger pelvic openings

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Leg and Thigh

• Femur
• Fibula
• Tibia
• Patella

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Femur

• Located between hip and knee
• Strongest, longest and heaviest bone in the body
• Your height is about 4 times the length
• Epicondyles are the attachment sites for muscles
  and condyles in the movement of joints

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Fibula

• Means brooch or pin
• Bears little if any body weight
• Bound with ligaments to talus to form a socket to
  strengthen ankle joint

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Tibia

• Shinbone is located on the anterior and medial
  side of leg between knee and ankle
• Second longest and heaviest bone
• Shinsplints
• Tenderness and cramps of muscles
• Overuse, failure to warm up, improper shoes
• Repetitious pounding or pulling on muscle bone
  connection
• Flexibility good blood flow from warm up, tape
  while practicing
• Bones are usually stronger after a break muscles
  weaker after damage

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Patella

• Protects the knee
• Increases the leverage for the action of the quads

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Foot (Tarsus)

• Composed of the seven proximally located tarsal
  bones of the foot
• Has little free movement between bones
• Tarsal bones are
• Talus(ankle) navicular little ship
• Calcaneous (heel) cuneiform three of them
• Cuboid (cube shaped

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Metatarsus

• Made up of the five metarsal bones

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Phalanges

• Are miniature long bones like the metatarsals
• There are 14 arranged similarly to the hand
• Big toe has two others three

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Fractures

• A fracture is a broken bone. Children have more
  than adults because their bones are more slender
  and they are more active

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Types of fractures

• Complete bone breaks into two pieces
• Incomplete-bone does not completely break
• Comminuted splintered or crushed into small
  pieces (older folks have this)
• Greenstick bone broken on one side, bent on the
  other
• Simple, closed broken but does not go through
  the skin
• Compound, open broken and comes through skin
• Spiral broken by twisting

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Condyle

• Rounded convex projection that articulates with
  another bone (usually knuckle shaped)

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Crest

• Narrow ridge of bone serving as a site for muscle
  attachment

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Head

• An extension carried on a narrow neck that takes
  part in forming a joint

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Spine

• Sharp, slender site of muscle attachment

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Trochanter

• Very large, usually irregularly shaped site of
  muscle attachment

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Tuberosity

• Large rounded projection or roughened area that
  serves as a site of muscle attachment

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Fissure

• Narrow slitlike opening that often serves as a
  nerve passageway

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Foramen

• Hole opening through a bone that serves as a
  passageway for blood vessels and nerves

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Fossa

• Shallow depression that often forms a socket for
  another bone in a joint (like an ice cream dipper)

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Meatus (cave)

• Canal like passageway that serves as a conduit
  for a nerve

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Sinus

• Cavity within a bone often filled with air and
  lined with a mucus membrane