Seatrade Cruise Shipping Convention 2000

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• Seatrade Cruise Shipping Convention 2000
• Miami, March 7-11
• Session VII The Regulatory Environment
• Safety of cruise vessels
• - quo vadis?
• Presented by
• Tor-Chr. Mathiesen, Dr.Ing.
• Senior Vice President

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Introduction

• Challenge - Manage risk
• Cruise ship safety
• Some Observations
• Casualty statistics
• Major Risks
• Trends in ship design
• Towards a Safety Culture, continuous
• near-miss reporting
• feedback to crew - operations
• training of crew

• Reduce risk
• Safe navigation
• Fire - effective measures
• Damage stability - new approach
• Evacuation - risk analysis
• Regulatory framework
• New approach
• Cost-effectiveness of measures
• Concluding remarks

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In this presentation
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Cruise Ship Safety- Observations -

• Casualty statistics are showing a positive trend
• Fire, grounding and collision incidents are
  causing concern - potential for casualties?
• ONeil, IMO, December 99
• Suggesting a global (holistic) approach to large
  passenger ship safety
• IMO (MSC 72/21) - proposed work programme
  Enhancing the safety of large passenger ships
• studies on operational safety aspects in
  emergencies
• focus on evacuation

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Casualty statistics 1978-1998
Cruise - good safety record ) Data for
passenger ships ro-ro passenger ships are from
1989-1998
Source LMIS casualty database april 1999,
Eknes M., Kvien M.H Historical Risk Levels in
the Maritime Industry (DNV-report 99-2028)
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Collision Grounding
Evacuation Failure
Fire
Major Risks - Cruise Ships
Source Skjong, R., P. Adamcik, M. L. Eknes, S.
Gran, J. Spouge Formal Safety Assessment of
Helicopter Landing Area on Passenger Ships as a
Safety Measure DNV Report 97-2053. (Available as
IMO/COMSAR 3/2)
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6th generation cruise ships
Trends

• Floating adventure hotels
• Architectonic development
• More advanced systems on automation / monitoring
• Larger ships - more passengers
• New groups of passengers - more families
• New generation of seafarers

Market demand Focus on safety, security and
environment. Nothing must go wrong!
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Towards a Safety Culture - Reporting of
incidents and near misses -

• Change in culture, improve after near-misses
• Motivation (incentives) for reporting
• Analysis of reports - findings feedback
• to crew / operation
• to new ship design
• Take action - update descision support systems
• Continuous analysis of critical operations

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Towards a Safety Culture- ISM as a tool -
Today
Future

• Continuous quality improvement
• over and above compliance
• Great emphasis on quality improvement processes,
  i.e.
• Motivate pro-active safety behaviour - use
  incentives
• Feedback to crew - regular learning - corrective
  action
• Crew Knowledge ? understanding ? confidence

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Towards a Safety Culture- Training of Crew -

• Decision support systems - continuously updated
• Use near-miss cases in crisis management training
• Emergency drills - procedures - communication
• Fire and fire fighting - specially certified fire
  fighters?
• Training centre for crew and hotel-personnel?
• Standardised training
• Share best practices
• Team-building - familiarisation with group of
  crisis management personnel (reduce crew turnover)

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Collision Grounding

• Reduce probability
• Optimise bridge arrangement for
• safe and efficient performance of bridge
  functions for
• relevant bridge teams
• any type of operational situation
• Automatic Grounding Avoidance System

• Avoid all disruptions (e.g.hotel-management) -
  reduce stress factors
• Redundancy
• navigational systems
• propulsion, steering, power supply

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Fire

• Often initiated in
• Engine rooms - high risk area (cruise ships
  specially critical due to many engines and small
  spaces)
• Galley - Laundry spaces
• Risk Analysis to identify
• Ignition sources - protection and extinguishing
• Equipment which needs special attention /
  maintenance
• Smoke spread analysis
• Requirements focus on local fire protection
  systems (engine spaces) IMO MSC/Circ.913 and new
  Reg.7 of SOLAS Ch.II-2

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Fire
Reduce risk
Effective measures

• Identify initiating hot spots
• Perform thermograph analysis - IR scanning of
  engine rooms
• temperatures gt 220C ? Isolate / Modify /
  Remove

• Fuel oil system/lubrication oil system
• Check for insufficient insulation flanges,
  turbine housings, clamps, bolts
• Proper shielding of fuel oil piping, including
  flexible hoses
• Control of flexible hoses, focus on hose
  connections

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Damage stability
Collision Grounding
Deterministic method (SOLAS90) widely
used Present probabilistic method (A265) not
validated, consistent and robust with regard to
safety EU-project started March 2000 (HARDER, DNV
co-ordination) New harmonised probabilistic
damage stability requirements (will be made
available to IMO) - Assess safety on functional
basis rather than using prescriptive criteria
alone In-depth evaluation re-engineering of the
probabilistic concept Basis for developing
prescriptive risk-based rules / design
methodology Leads to more flexible designs and
more reliable safety assessment procedures
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Evacuation(Mustering - Abandoning - Rescue)
Evacuation Failure
Today...

• Life saving 75 based on life boats
• Rafts launched with davit arrangements
• Limited use of Marine Evacuation Systems (MES)
• Required Life Saving Appliances (LSA) not optimal
  for all realistic weather conditions
• Lack of realistic Human Element (HE) data
• Not optimised design of escape ways

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Evacuation
Future Expectations

• Increased use of scenario-based evacuation
  analysis, input to
• facilitation and selection of equipment
• evacuation planning (also bad weather)
• regular and realistic crisis management training
  of crew
• IMO LSA-requirements - permitting innovation

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Safer onboard
Future Expectations

• Reduce need for abandoning the ship (more use of
  safe havens onboard?)
• Establish evacuation models
• Validate through large scale evacuation tests, HE
  included
• Smoke spread analysis
• Escape from Balconies and Sun Decks require
  attention
• Motivate passengers to understand and participate

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Future Expectations

• Tomorrow
• Establish safety objective / principlesetc
• for efficient risk assessment of innovative
  design
• for calibration of existing requirements

Regulatory framework
Safety objective
Principles and Policies
Functional requirements
Present framework based on experience with
existing technology
Most IMO Requirements
Detailed technical requirements
Present Classification Rules
Other technical standards
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Part of new approach...
Cost-Benefit Priorities Event Trees
FSA What is the cost effective safety measure?
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Example of cost-effectiveness analysis
Implied Cost of Averting a Fatality (ICAF)
? Descision criteria range
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Future expectations...
Concluding remarks- Reduce risk -

• Fire safety
• Continuous search for ignition sources
• Thermograph analysis of engine room
• Focus on fuel oil systems
• Local fire protection systems now
• Safe navigation
• Bridge arrangement and manning in focus

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Future expectations...
Concluding remarks - Reduce risk -

• Survival capability probabilistic methods
• Initiative from IMO/EU on large cruise passenger
  ships
• Evacuation risk analysis
• Realistic scenarios
• Realistic human element data
• IMO LSA-requirements - permitting innovation
• Regulatory framework
• Establish modern framework for safety assessment
• Holistic approach to safety

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Future expectations...
Concluding remarks - Towards a Safety Culture -

• Continuous incident/near-miss reporting
• Continuous analysis of critical operations
• Feedback to crew - operation
• and feedback to design of new ship
• Motivate pro-active safety behaviour - use
  incentives
• Realistic training of crew
• Emergency situations / decision support / teamwork

Continuous improvement!