Economy in the East and Old Northwest

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Economy in the East and Old Northwest
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Economy was changing

• 1820-1860 economy moved agriculture to industry
  and technology.
• Boom and bust periods
• Working class was hit the hardest
• Different areas in the country were linked

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U.S. and Foreign Markets

• Linked to and influenced by England
• Industrial Revolution in England
• Iron
• Steam power
• Textiles
• England received much of its cotton from the
  South (and India and Brazil)

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Population Growth

• World wide population growth
• End of disease
• Better farming (better nutrition)
• European immigrants came over and filled labor
  needs

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Natural Resources

• U.S. has a lot
• 1800 Average family had 7 children
• 1860 lowered to 5

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Transportation Improved

• Erie Canal (1825)
• 363 miles long
• Linked East to Northwest
• Transport goods cheaply and efficiently
• 1840 over 3,000 miles of canals were in the
  country

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Railroads

• 1828 Baltimore and Ohio Railroad formed
• Some benefits of Railroads over canals
• Could operate year round
• Could be built anywhere

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Railroads Contd

• Problems in the beginning
• Sparks from tracks set fields on fire
• Trains would jump off their tracks
• 1850 30,000 miles of railroad tracks in the
  country

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Transportation Revolution

• Connected the country like never before
• Access to different markets across the nation
• Ties between Northwest and East grew? shared
  similar political beliefs

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Contd

• Settlement followed railroads
• Chicago changed once the railroad came around
• Goods, people, information and mail were sent to
  places more accurately and efficiently
• 1790 package from Boston to Philly took 2 weeks
• 1836 same route took 36 hours

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• Farmers began specialization and growing for a
  larger market
• Old Northwest wheat
• New England dairy and produce
• Producing more goods meant cheap food and plenty
  of it
• More income for farmers to spend on consumer goods

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Other Countries

• Foreign investments increased (esp. from Great
  Britain)
• Countries investing in the United States
• Local and state governments helped to fund new
  transportation

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National Government

• Also helped to fund new projects
• National Road Maryland to Illinois
• Second Bank of the U.S. provided financial
  stability for investors

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Inventions

• McCormick Harvester-horse drawn reaping machine
• John Jervis-modified R.R. engine
• Colt Revolver
• Charles Goodyear-vulcanization of rubber

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Education

• Correlation between economic growth and education
• Northeast
• Massachusetts Common School
• 1827 taxes pay for the whole cost of public
  school
• Not the best-no laws were ensuring proper
  education

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Horace Mann (education)

• Wanted to change education
• 6 months of school
• Curriculum
• Teacher training
• Appealed to businesses ? students learn
  discipline in school

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Not everyone likes change.

• Many feared the change the Market Revolution was
  bringing
• Wanted schools to teach virtuous habits
• Uneasy about Westward expansion
• People moving away from homes and families

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Industrialization moves Forward!

• Market revolution gave way to a new working class
  which led to the growth of a middle class
• Changed American society

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Putting-Out system

• This helped to change American industry
• Gain control of raw materials
• Made arrangements for marketing out the finished
  product
• Farmed out to workers on shops and homes
• Paid them for the pieces they were able to
  put-out

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Who did this benefit?

• Women often participated in this type of work as
  men started to work outside the home
• Women liked it
• Independence
• Able to make some money on their own

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Putting-Out System Contd

• The system will change to textile mills as goods
  become more inexpensive to purchase

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The Lowell Mills

• Francis Cabot Lowell (merchant)
• Paul Moody (mechanic)
• Made a power loom capable of weaving cloth
• Installed a mill at Walthom, Massachusetts
• Made a lot of money

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Contd

• Centralized entire manufacturing process
• Brought the steps of cotton cloth production
  under one roof
• Textiles mills spread all across the Northeast
• Economy of Northeast changed from one of farming
  to industry

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Publications

• More efficient
• Used English Models to build upon
• Printed more books, magazines, etc-reduced costs
• More people could buy them
• Spread common values

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Economic and Job discrimination

• Only men could be supervisors
• Made much more than women
• Nothing women could do about it
• 1834 managers cut wages by 15
• Petitions
• Strikes

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New Voice

• Could not stop wage cuts
• Showed the employers they were not slave to the
  wages
• Brought up Revolutionary rhetoric

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Workers Change

• Replace Yankee women with immigrants
• Ireland
• Lower wages
• Permanent workers instead of seasonal

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Immigration

• Poverty in Europe caused people to come to the
  United States
• 1st Irish
• 2nd German
• Diversity
• Religious tensions (Catholic v. Protestant)

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Model Lowell Ends

• Work force became more permanent
• Boarding houses disappeared
• More males worked in the factory
• More Irish than New Englanders

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Cincinnati Ohio

• 1840-3rd Largest industrial center
• Skilled workers did ok
• Un-skillled workers did not
• Low wages
• Dirty jobs
• Women
• Worked in the clothing industry
• African American women worked in homes

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Workers unrest

• Like the Lowell factory-Cincinnati workers
  demanded better wages
• Not used to the type of work
• Slave to the money
• Some one elses schedule
• No talent to offer
• Pay not keeping with the price of living

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Growth of Urbanization

• 3 types
• Commercial Centers
• Mill Town
• Transportation hubs
• NY became the most important city (Erie Canal)

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Other Important Cities

• Trenton and Wilmington (Mill Towns)
• Waterfalls
• Textiles
• Transportation Hubs
• Louisville
• Cleveland
• St. Louis

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Cities Changed the Economy

• City Dwellers-No farms
• Farmers became commercial farmers
• Other items needed shoes, furniture, cast iron
  stoves

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Immigrants and Cities

• 20 of the population
• Germans and Scandinavians moved Westward
• Many could not afford to leave the city
• Irish were largest immigrant group in the city

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City Makeup

• Philadelphia grid like, no real public parks
• NY Frederick Law Olmsted and Calvert Vaux
  Central Park
• Was meant for everyone
• Middle and upper classes had the time to spend in
  the park

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Class Structure

• 1800s-1850s rise in the concentration of wealth
  (esp. in the cities)
• Capitalists benefitted the most with workers
  making little gains
• 1840 wealthiest 4 owned 2/3 of the wealth
• Some were able to improve their lives

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Urban Working Class

• Lived in small cramped housing
• Often behind nicer houses
• Changed family life
• Men were not sole providers
• Women and Children had to work
• Men helped with house work

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Middle Class

• Nicer housing, more privacy
• The more decorations you had the more wealthy
  people thought you were
• Behavior
• Rules of etiquette
• Colthes

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Roles of women and men

• Men worked out side of the home
• Women and children were not expected to work
• Women Domestic caretaker
• Men Bread winner

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City Unrest

• Tensions between African Americans and whites
• Riots
• Irish-low paying jobs
• Religious Tensions
• No organized police force until 1855

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The Black Underclass

• Free African American communities
• Baltimore
• New Orleans
• Dangerous jobs
• Racism
• Could not vote in most places
• Segregation
• No better in the West

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The West

• More populated
• Easy to get land
• Loans from the East
• Farms
• Corn and pork
• Sent goods down South
• 5 years to get farm functioning

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Opportunities

• Work on a farm as tenant or hired hand
• Inequalities in wealth
• Not as bad as in the cities
• Many had money to spend on goods
• Clothes, furniture, etc

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Environment

• Market Revolution brought change
• Factory Pollution
• Rivers
• Forests