Species Distributions

1
Species Distributions

• Biogeography (ENVR333)
• 9/10 9/12 2007

2
As the environment changes, species adapt to a
moving target that can affect competitive
situations.
3
Species Distributions

• Species Interactions
• Competition
• Coexistence
• Mututalism
• Commensalism
• Amensalism
• Parasitism
• Mimicry
• Predator-Prey
• Environmental Gradients
• Niches

4
Competition

• Interspecific competition
• Intraspecific competition
• Resource exploitation
• Interference competition
• Principle of Competitive Exclusion

5
Paramecium single-celled, ciliated protozoan
that feeds on bacteria.
Competitive Exclusion
6
European starling
7
Figure 4.4 MacDonald 2003
8
Figure 4.5 MacDonald 2003
9
Spatial niche partitioning
10
Morphology Oystercatchers
stabber
hammerer
11
Morphology Cichlids
12
Mutualism Ants and Aphids
13
Mutualism Lichenized Fungi
14
Commensalism Rhino birds
15
Mutualism Pollinators - Pollinated
16
Mutualism Jays and Oaks
17
Commensalism Epiphytes
18
Commensalism Epiphytes
Forage lichens
19
Commensalism Epiphytes
Cyanolichens (n-fixers)
20
Commensalism Clown Fish/Sea Anemone
21
Commensalism Hitchhiking Seeds
Sweet Cisely
22
Commensalism Hitchhiking Seeds
Burdock
23
Allelopathy
24
Micro Parasites
25
Macro Parasites
26
Batesian Mimicry
27
Batesian Mimicry
red on yellow kill a fellow, red on black wont
hurt jack
28
Batesian Mimicry
From left to right are the Common Wasp, Vespula
vulgaris, and some of its mimics - the Hornet
Moth, Sesia apiformis, the Wasp Beetle, Clytus
arietis, and the Hoverfly, Syrphus ribesii.
29
Figure 4.1 MacDonald 2003
30
Predator-Prey Relationships
stenophagous
Chalhill Blue Butterfly
31
Predator-Prey Relationships
32
Figure 4.2 MacDonald 2003
33
Figure 4.3 MacDonald 2003
34
Figure 4.7 MacDonald 2003
35
Figure 4.9 MacDonald 2003
36
Ecocline or Ecotype?
37
Summary

• Interactions many and varied
• Distributions physical/biological factor
• Role of gradients and niches
• Not locked into place