Anglo Saxon Period

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Anglo Saxon Period
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Learn Your ABCs
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Learning your Basics
Learning your Basics

• When Learning a new language, one of the 1st
  steps taken is learning how to
• A) Spell your name
• B) Pronounce your name
• C) Understand its roots

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Spelling Your Name
Spelling Your Name

• Review the Anglo Saxon alphabet and choose the
  letters for your name
• Replace any combination letters with the
  appropriate symbol
• I.e. th

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Pronunciation of Your Name

• Vowels
• A E
• (called ash) is a as in "bat
• Americans are better at pronouncing this short,
  nasal "a" than the British, especially British
  from the southern half of the country
• The Scottish have retained this short "a" as
  well

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Pronunciations of Your Name

• Consonants
• If the letter h appears at the beginning of a
  word it is pronounced as it would be in Modern
  English
• If it appears after a vowel, the letter h is a
  velar or palatal fricative, the actual sound
  being contingent upon the preceding vowel after
  a front vowel, it is palatal, as in German "ich",
  and after a back vowel it is velar, like the
  Scottish word "loch" or German "Bach - which is
  not pronounced "Bock"

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• s is pronounced as the Modern English equivalent
  if it is at the beginning of a word, the end of a
  word, or if it is adjacent to an unvoiced
  consonant
• If it comes between vowels or a vowel and a
  consonant that is voiced then it is pronounced
  like the letter z in Modern English
• f is occasionally pronounced like a v
• I.e. Our modern "fox" and "vixen" ultimately
  derive from the same word

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• sc is pronounced as the sh sound, as in "ship
• The Old English word for a ship is scip
• The Old English word for fish is fisc
• c can be rendered either a soft consonant pair as
  in child
• The Old English word for child is cild
• The Old English word for king is cyning
• The sound is largely determined by the word
  itself and the vowels adjoining it in that word
• In modern editions, a soft c, with a sound like
  the modern ch, will be indicated with a dot
  above the c

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Understand its Roots
Where did Old English come from?
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Old English

• Old English also known as SAXON
• The principle invading Germanic Tribes were the
  ANGLES, SAXONS, JUTES, and FRISIANS
• Their Anglo- Saxon dialects developed into Old
  English
• The most commonly used words today derive from
  those early Anglo- Saxon roots, but English
  vocabulary has also been greatly influenced over
  time
• First it was influenced by SCANDINAVIAN INVADERS
  whom spoke OLD NORSE, which was probably mutually
  comprehensible with Old English
• Later the language was influenced to an even
  greater extent by the French speaking NORMAN
  INVADERS

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Angles

• Angles were one of the Germanic people who
  migrated from continental Germany to Britain in
  the 5th Century
• That land was later called Engla-lond now known
  as England

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Angles

• The Angle homeland, a small peninsular form in
  the southern portion of the modern German
  bundesland of Schleswig- Holdstein
• Jutland Peninsula is still called Angel today,
  and is formed as a triangle drawn roughly from
  modern Flensburg on the Flensburger Fjord to Kiel
  and then to Maasholm on the Schlei inlet
• The region's shape, 'an angle' is generally
  believed to be source Angle toponym, although
  some suggest angel as in "to fish" as an
  alternative

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Saxons

• The Saxons were a large and powerful Germanic
  people located in what is now northwestern German
  and the eastern Netherlands
• They are first mentioned by the geographer
  Ptolemy as a people of southern Jutland and
  present-day Schleswig- Holdstein, so they appear
  subsequently to have expanded to the south and
  west

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Saxons

• The Saxons invaded Britain in the early Middle
  Ages, giving their names to the kingdoms of
  Essex, Sussex and Wessex
• The lands respectively of the East, South and
  West Saxons which with the shorter-lived
  Middlesex eventually became part of the kingdom
  of England

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Jutes
Jutes

• Jutes were people originally from what is now
  Jutland in modern Denmark
• Some Jutes, the Angles, Saxons and other Germanic
  people who went to England, although they are
  less well known than the Angles and Saxons
• According to the Venerable Bede, Jutes settled in
  particular in Kent and on the Isle of Wight

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Frisians
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Early Invasions of Britain

• The Romans invaded in 43 AD
• Following the collapse of the Roman Empire, they
  evacuated in 410 AD though many of their cultural
  and lingual traditions endured
• Germanic tribes from Denmark, Germany and the
  Netherlands invade Britain
• Two of these tribes, the Angles and the Saxons
  come to dominate a Southern part of the country
• The language spoken by these Anglo Saxons, is
  primarily Germanic
• It also includes Celtic, Latin and Norse words
• Ex. Harrow, scythe, sickle agricultural words

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Christianity
Christianity

• Christianity first arrived in Britain in the 6th
  Century, brought by St. Augustine and his
  followers
• They gradually converted the population until the
  9th Century when most Britons were Christian
• Latin was introduced to the Anglo Saxons who
  integrated Old English with Latin Vocabulary
• Ex Area, bacteria, cancer, circus, complex,
  equilibrium, fungus, pauper, peninsula
• Instilled a literary tradition in Anglo Saxon
  society

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The Venerable Bede

• Born 672 or 673 died 735
• In his moderation, gentleness, and breadth of
  view, Bede stands out from his contemporaries
• In point of scholarship he was undoubtedly the
  most learned man of his time
• He was a monk at Lindisfarne, then later at
  Whitby Abbey
• Lindisfarne was the first place that the Vikings
  landed at (by boat)

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HAC SUNT IN FOSSA BEDAE VENERABILIS OSSA

• 'In this tomb are the bones of the Venerable
  Bede'

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What Influence did Saint Bede have on
Literature?
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Bede Where History was Made

• Saint Bede provided us with a historically rich
  legacy through the his chronicling of

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Tolkien

• Tolkien's Love of LanguagesTolkien was a
  scholar with deep knowledge of languages both
  modern and ancient. His mother introduced him to
  the study of languages and cultures by teaching
  him Latin, French, and German at home he
  expanded into others when he entered grammar
  school. He continued to learn many other
  languages throughout his schooling and career,
  including Welsh, Finnish, and Old Norse.
• Tolkien's fascination with language and culture
  resonates throughout The Lord of the Rings.
  Professor of English Jane Chance explains that
  Tolkien was enchanted by language and by the
  power of language
• Tolkien well understood the power of the written
  and spoken word, philologist that he washe knew
  that words were magic. ... For Tolkien, words
  provide the means to unify and extend the social
  community, to understand the various species of
  nature, and to cross the boundaries of time (past
  and present) and space (the equivalent of earthly
  supernal, and infernal in Middle-earth). One of
  the most vivid expressions of Tolkien's ability
  and interest in languages was the creation of his
  own. Over the course of his life he invented
  several languages, such as Elvish (including
  Quenya and Sindarin), Dwarvish (Khuzdul), Entish,
  and Black Speech.
• For Tolkien, language was the beginning of a
  culture rather than merely a product of it. "The
  invention of languages," he wrote, "is the
  foundation. The 'stories' were made rather to
  provide a world for the languages than the
  reverse."

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Riddles

• Just under a hundred Anglo-Saxon riddles have
  come down to us. We can't say with any certainty
  who composed them, or when, or how, or for what
  purpose. They may have been oral compositions
  short pieces the bards used while their audiences
  were getting settled, or as fill between sets
  during performances of epics such as Beowulf.
  Minstrels might also have sung them in less
  formal situations, where audience attention span
  was short or a higher degree of audience
  participation was desirable.
• This is only a theory we have no solid evidence
  to come to any definite conclusions as to the
  purpose of original composition for these
  riddles.
• Some of the riddles, however, do include runes,
  and these imply readers, hearers, and writers who
  had some familiarity with or interest in the
  runic alphabet.

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Beowulf

• (From Abrams A Glossary of Literary Terms, 4th
  ed.) An epic or heroic poem that meets at least
  the following criteria
• it is a long narrative poem on a great and
  serious subject,
• related in an elevated style,
• and centered on a heroic or quasi-divine figure
  on whose actions depends the fate of a tribe, a
  nation, or the human race.
• The "tradition epics" (also called "primary
  epics" or "folk epics") were shaped by a literary
  artist from historical and legendary materials,
  which had developed in the oral traditions of his
  people during a period of expansion and warfare.
  To this class of poems are ascribed the Iliad and
  Odyssey of the Greek Homer, and the Anglo-Saxon
  epic Beowulf.
• Now and then, a servant of the king,A man with
  talent in the telling and rememberingThe
  multitude of stories, the many ancient
  sagas,Would find new ways to weave old
  wordsTogether in such order as to make them
  tellThe story now of Beowulf.

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Celtic Influence

• While Anglo-Saxon culture and language spread
  swiftly across east and central Britain during
  the 6th and 7th centuries, corners of the isle
  retained the languages of the previous dominant
  culture, the Celtic peoples who are believed to
  have begun arriving around 600 BC. Today, the
  people who inhabit these areas take a pride in
  preserving these languages as a way of protecting
  their heritage. However, the Celtic peoples who
  invaded Britain are believed to have integrated
  with the people who previously inhabited the
  island, absorbing elements of the language spoken
  by this group, much in the way that the Normans
  were later to adopt many English words in order
  to adapt to their new homeland.
• Celtic words in OE come from three identifiable
  sources from the continent (usually words
  associated with conflict and battle the Celts
  were often used as armies for hire), loans
  taken over after settlement (usually place
  names), and words from Ireland frequently
  associated with the Christianisation of Britain.
• However, the Anglo-Saxons terrorised rather than
  integrated with the Celts, and so their languages
  became isolated in corners of the isle, until the
  efficiency of the Norman conquest created a
  linguistic hierarchy with Celtic languages
  entrenched firmly at the bottom. The pockets of
  land that remained dominantly Celtic are divided
  linguistically into two branches Goidelic
  (Gaelic) and Brythonic (British).
• For the most part, Celtic influence on the
  English language is mostly apparent through place
  names. For generations, the language of the Celts
  was referred to as British the language of
  the Britons, the native inhabitants of the land.
  Some names that survive are the names of rivers
  such as the Thames and the Yare, and important
  Roman towns such as London, York and Lincoln. A
  number of names are compounds of Celtic and
  Anglo-Saxon words. Two Celtic words for "hill"
  bre and pen appear in a number of names.

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Oral Tradition

• The use of vernacular languages for the written
  word had something of a fluctuating history, with
  a general tendency to increase towards the later
  part of the middle ages. Languages are the most
  powerful symbol of ethnic identity. The
  encouragement or repression of vernacular
  literacy has tended to coincide with the
  expression or suppression of national or ethnic
  boundaries.
• The use of vernacular languages in written works
  of any type cannot be divorced from events and
  politics. The adoption of forms of Roman
  civilization by the Ostrogoth conquerors of Rome
  resulted in the production of Bibles and other
  Christian texts using the Gothic language. These
  are now mainly known only from palimpsests.
• Literacy was re-established in Anglo-Saxon
  society through the church and was therefore
  grounded in Latin. However, a cultural and ethnic
  revival in the 9th century under the influence of
  Alfred the Great resulted in the production of
  works in Old English. These included Biblical
  texts, histories and religious commentaries and
  were, in fact, Latin works translated into
  English rather than a recording of the cultural
  heritage of English oral tradition. The famous
  manuscript of Beowulf, an epic saga from oral
  tradition, is in fact known from only one copy
  produced probably hundreds of years after the
  composition of the tale.

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Art

•  This was the official crest for the Celtic Harts
  Society. I had a heck of a time finding a Celtic
  version of a stag in my reference books! There
  were a few in some metalworks, and as well one in
  the Book of Kells. After figuring out the common
  characteristics among all the stags, I made my
  own "leaping stag", which I think comes closest
  to the style of the Kells stag I had found. The
  original also contains added touches of gold
  leaf, which do not appear in the poster edition.
•  This was the official crest for the Celtic Harts
  Society. I had a heck
• of a time finding a Celtic version of a stag in
  my reference books! There were a few in some
  metalworks, and as well one in the Book of Kells.
  After figuring out the common characteristics
  among all the stags, I made my own "leaping
  stag", which I think comes closest to the style
  of the Kells stag I had found. The original also
  contains added touches of gold leaf, which do not
  appear in the poster edition
•  A Celtic tiger, now there's something you hardly
  ever see! This
• painting was a private commission, and the
  challenge was to create not only a tiger, Celtic
  style, but to also incorporate a leafy feel to
  his background out of knotwork. Celtic cats are
  usually either domestic household cats, or lions,
  so it was really interesting figuring out how I
  was going to create a tiger version, and get his
  ruff and stripes depicted appropriately. He is in
  wonderful vibrant colors, and I love the way the
  green offsets the oranges and reds in him.
•  A Celtic tiger, now there's something you hardly
  ever see! This painting was a private commission,
  and the challenge was to create not only a tiger,
  Celtic style, but to also incorporate a leafy
  feel to his background out of knotwork. Celtic
  cats are usually either domestic household cats,
  or lions, so it was really interesting figuring
  out how I was going to create a tiger version,
  and get his ruff and stripes depicted
  appropriately. He is in wonderful vibrant colors,
  and I love the way the green offsets the oranges
  and reds in him.

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Special Thanks to Steven Basel

• Who made it extremely PRETTY!!
• Because Kiyomi Walker is computer retarded