Worlds Entangled 16001750

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Worlds Entangled 1600-1750

• Increased Exchange of Goods
• Silver even more important
• The impact of economic integration was diverse
• Some Eurasian Dynasties were strengthened
• Others were weakened
• Africa and the Americas became more integrated
• into the emerging world trading system
• The lives of more common people were affected
• New political and economic powers emerge
• Japan, the Netherlands

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Worlds Entangled, World Unsettled What do you
see? What dont you see?
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The Growth of a Dynamic Atlantic System

• Spanish exploitation of the New World led
• other European Dynasties to seek the same
• Newcomers did not discover silver or gold
• Instead they exploited the fertile land
• and began raising cash crops
• Sugarcane, tobacco,
• indigo, rice
• Or they established a lucrative Fur Trade with
  Native groups

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The Development of a New Philosophy Mercantilism

• Assumption that the worlds wealth was fixed
• One countrys wealth came at the expense
• of anothers
• American colonies had to serve the mother country
• They were forbidden to trade with anyone
  else
• Mercantilism worked!
• New revenue for European powers unceasing
  wars
• with each other
• Mercantilism fostered alliances between the Crown
  and Merchants
• Chartered Companies

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New Colonies in the Americas

• England, France, and the Netherlands
• used merchant companies to found colonies
• Each encountered more decentralized
• Indian political structure, and less
• developed economically, than the Spanish
• - These Indian groups were
• harder to subdue

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Hollands Trading Colonies
Manufactured Goods
Furs

• The New Netherlands
• The Dutch West Indies Company
• Universal Carriers
• Pioneers of the Atlantic
• System

Sugar
Slaves
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Frances Fur Trade Empire

• New France
• St. Lawrence River Valley
• Colonization without Conquest
• French Indian Allies and Dutch
• Indian Allies often fought each other

New France
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Englands Land Empire

• Extensive Agrarian Settlements
• No use for Indians
• Protestant Refugee Colonies in
• the North
• Plantation Colonies in the South
• Tobacco
• 250,000 European Colonists
• by 1700

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Plantation Complex in the Caribbean

• The most important colonies in the 18th Century

French
Spanish
British
Dutch
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Plantation Complex in the Caribbean

• Sugar and Slaves
• A Killer Crop
• Extremely High Death Rate
• Racial Hierarchy
• (Relatively few whites lived there)
• Slave Resistance
• Maroon Communities

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The Atlantic Slave Trade and the Transformation
of Africa

• Remember, far more Africans migrated
• to the Americas than Europeans
• during this time
• 12 million between 1440 and 1867
• Europeans expanded an existing
• system
• Slaves captured in the interior
• and sent to coastal entrepots

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The Middle Passage

• Most slaves died before reaching the Coast
• 20 died during the Atlantic Passage

Door of No Return, Goree
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Africas New Slave Supplying Polities

• In some areas, the slave trade
• wreaked havoc
• Kingdom of the Kongo
• In other areas, the slave trade
• enriched certain merchants
• or warlords
• Asante State
• Oyo Kingdom
• The introduction of European
• firearms influenced all of these
• developments

Asante
Oyo
Kongo
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Sub-Saharan Africa and the Slave Trade

• The Atlantic commercial system shifted wealth
  from the countryside to urban areas
• Many areas suffered severe population loss
•  
• Still, the overall demographic impact
• was not too severe.
• 
  
• New World crops such as maize and cassava
• increased food production

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Asia in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Century

• Europeans were not as dominant in Asian trade
  networks as they were in the Atlantic world.
  Yet by 1750 parts of Asia were beginning to feel
  the brunt of growing European military,
  political, and economic power.

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The Dutch in Southeast Asia

• Dutch East Indies Company (VOC)
• - tried to monopolize most trade
• - seized key trading posts
• - Melaka, Java,
• - universal carriers
• But other European and Asian
• merchants competed
• - Strong presence in Southeast Asia
• (Modern day Indonesia)

Java
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The Collapse of the Safavid Empire

• Weak Rulers in the 18th Century
• Afghani Warriors invaded
• Collapse by 1770s

Afghani Invaders
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Problems in the Ottoman Empire

• The inflow of silver destabilized the economy
• - inflation
• - merchants defied government edicts
• and sold to European merchants
• (less revenue for the government)
• Peasants and Artisans revolted in early 1600s
• - Celebi Revolts
• Some regions gained autonomy
• - Egypt in the 18th Century
• Kuprili Family (Kuprili Reforms) became
• Grand Viziers in 1680s and improved
• the situation
• Ottoman Empire remained a force in the region
• but no longer threatened the rest of Europe

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The Decline of the Mughal Dynasty

• In the 17th Century, global commerce made
• the Empire Prosperous
• - New world crops increased agricultural
  productivity
• - Population Increased
• But in the 18th Century increased wealth and
  population
• increased regional rulers power
• Attempts to expand the empire in Southern India
• depleted the Mughals coffers
• After the death of Aurangzeb, 1658-1709,
• Mughal power declined, although the
• region continued to prosper

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Ming to Qing in China
Manchus

• As with the Ottoman Empire
• - silver disrupted economy
• - leadership quality declined
• - revenue declined
• - peasants revolted
• As with Mughal Dynasty
• - regions gained more power
• As with Safavid Empire
• - Nomads invaded
• (Manchus)

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The Qing Dynasty (1644-1911)

• Economic and Territorial Expansion
• - repaired infrastructure
• - New World crops helped
• Continued to rule under Chinese
• Traditions (Confucianism)
• Continued close regulation of
• foreign trade
• - Canton System

Canton
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Tokugawa Japan

• In 15th Century Japan wracked by Civil War
• Tokugawa Shogunate (1603-1868)
• - Shogun
• Shoguns built a new capital at Edo (Tokyo)
• Tokugawas brought peace and stability
• Their policies encouraged growth in
• internal commerce
• By the 1700s Japan was one of the most
• commercial societies in the world

Edo
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Tokugawa Japan and the World

• Shoguns carefully monitored contact with the
  world
• - Banned Christianity and Missionaries
• - Limited Trade to Nagasaki
• But trade flourished with China
• Japanese adapted many Western concepts
• (Dutch learning)
• The periphery of the kingdom was not
• as regulated
• Japan avoids fate of Ming, Mughal, and Safavid
  Dynasties

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Transformations in Europe

• Consolidation and Expansion in Russia
• Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917)

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Economic and Political Fluctuations in Europe

• European economy grew, became more commercial,
  and more monetized
• Population grew (Urban population increased
  dramatically)
• Urban areas grew more wealthy than agricultural
  areas
• Northwestern Europe (France, Britain,
  Netherlands)
• prospered more than Southern Europe
• (Spain, Portugal)
• Northwestern European Kingdoms better
• able to create a strong middle class in
• alliance with the government

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War, War, War

• European regional dynasties were always at war
• At first the wars were about religion
• Later they became about balance of power
• France and Britain were the two main rivals
• Other dynasties shifted their loyalties

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France and Britain Two Different Dynasties

• France Absolutism
• Louis XIV (17th Century)
• Britain Constitutionalism
• Parliament
• English Civil War (1640s)
• Shared Power

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European Wars Overseas

• Wars for control of trade, territory,
• and sea lanes in the world
• Seven Years War (1756-1763)
• Great Britain develops
• largest overseas empire
• Dominated European Power in
• - North America
• - India
• Key Possessions in Caribbean, Coastal Africa