Lesson Five

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Indiana Water Operator Training
Lesson Five
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Indiana Water Operator Training
Indiana Department of Environmental Management
Indiana Rural Water Association
American Water Works Association
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Lesson Five WT1 Operators

• WT! Systems and Operators
• Ground water
• Wellhead protection
• Isolation areas
• Basic ion exchange softening
• Inline filtration
• Interpretation of chemical and bacteriological
  sample reports
• Well disinfection

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Classification of water distribution systems and
water treatment plants
Water treatment plants
WT1 Class WT1 includes systems that meet the
following (A) Serve a population less than or
equal to five hundred (500) people (B)
Acquire water from one (1) of the following (i)
Ground water (ii) Purchase (C) Have one (1) of
the following (i) Ion exchange softening process
for cation removal (ii) Inline filtration device
with no chemical treatment
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Classification of water system operators
Water operator certification qualifications
WT1 Grade WT1 is a certified operator qualified
to operate a Class WT1 water treatment plant
after having fulfilled the following
requirements (A) Possess a high school diploma
or its equivalent (B) Meet the qualifications of
the certification rule (C) Must be able to (i)
maintain inventories (ii) order supplies and
equipment (iii) interpret chemical and
bacteriological sample reports (D) Attain a
minimum of one (1) year of acceptable work
experience in the operation of a Class WT1
water treatment plant
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Ground water

• Ground water is the water found in an aquifer
• Aquifer
• The saturated underground formation that will
  yieldusable amounts of water to a well or
  spring. Theformation can be sand, gravel,
  limestone or sandstone

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Ground waterTypes of aquifers

• Confined aquifer
• The saturated formation between lowpermeability
  layers that restrict movement of watervertically
  into or out of the saturated formation
• Water is confined under pressuresimilar to water
  in a pipeline
• In some areas confinedaquifers produce water
  without pumps(flowing artesian well)

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Ground waterTypes of aquifers (continued)

• Unconfined aquifer (water table aquifer)
• The saturated formation in whichthe upper
  surface fluctuates with addition orsubtraction
  of water
• The upper surface of an unconfined aquifer is
  calledthe water table
• Water, contained in an unconfined aquifer, is
  freeto move laterally in response to differences
  in the watertable elevations

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Wellhead protection

• Currently applies only to community systems
• Noncommunity system participation is
  voluntary,but possibly will be required to
  participate in thefuture using a simplified
  process

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Wellhead protection timetable
Chart courtesy IDEM
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Wellhead ProtectionElements of Wellhead
protection Phase 1

• Establish Local Planning Team
• Delineate Wellhead Protection Area
• Identify and Inventory potential sources of
  contaminants
• Develop management plan forpotential sources of
  contaminants

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Wellhead ProtectionElements of Wellhead
protection Phase 2

• Management plan implementation

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Wellhead protection Local Planning Team

• First meeting time, location, etc. must bepublic
  noticed in newspaper
• At least 1 member of team must bean affected
  party
• Industry
• Agriculture
• Police
• Fire
• City or county administration
• or anyone who drinks the water

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Wellhead protection Wellhead Protection Area
delineation methods

• Fixed-radius (100,000 gallons per day average
  maximum)
• 3,000 foot radius (6,000 foot diameter circle)
• Analytical
• Semi-analytical
• Numerical flow/solute transport
• Hydrogeologic/geomorphic

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Wellhead protection Wellhead Protection Area
delineation methods
Fixed-radius
Courtesy Peerless-Midwest, Inc.
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Wellhead protection Wellhead Protection Area
delineation methods
Time of Travel
Courtesy Peerless-Midwest, Inc.
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Wellhead protection Potential sources of
contaminants
Inventory
Courtesy Smith Group Consulting, LLC
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Wellhead protection Potential sources of
contaminants
Map
Courtesy Smith Group Consulting, LLC
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Wellhead protection Management Plan
Potential contaminants sources

• All potential contaminants sources must be
  informedof their location within a WHPA
• Informed about the consequences ofground water
  contamination
• Informed about the methods available toprevent
  contamination
• Potential sources should be updated annually

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Wellhead protection Management Plan
Contingencies

• Water outages
• Water contamination
• Critical water users
• Long-term loss of water
• Responder training
• Contact list

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Wellhead protection Management Plan
Contact list and responder notification
Courtesy Smith Group Consulting, LLC
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Isolation areas

• Isolation areas are also known as sanitary
  setbacks
• 200 foot radius without automatic disinfection
• 100 foot radius with automatic disinfection
• PWS shall own or control the isolation
  area/sanitarysetback by recorded deed, easement,
  or long-term lease
• No mixing of non-water treatment chemicals
  permitted
• No sanitary or storm water sewers
  permittedwithin 50 feet of any well
• No construction, other than that designed
  tocontain a well, permitted over a well
• No roads or parking areas within 50 feetof a
  well except for well access

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Basic ion exchange softening
H2O
Atoms and molecules
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Basic ion exchange softening
Whats an ion?
An ion is an atom or molecule that has a positive
or negative electrical charge
Remember Opposites attract
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Basic ion exchange softening

• Whats hard water?Practically speaking,
  measurement of
• Calcium (Ca) ions
• Magnesium (Mg) ions

Hardness as calcium carbonate mg/L
GPG Soft 0-17 0-1.0 Moderately
hard 60-120 3.5-7.0 Very hard 180 over 10.5
over 1 GPG 17.1 mg/L
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Basic ion exchange softening
How does ion exchange work?
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Inline filtration
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Inline filtration

• Designed for Iron, Manganese Hydrogen Sulfide
  removal
• 16,000 gallons _at_ 5 mg/L Iron
• 64 days for 4 people
• 32 days for 8 people
• 16 days for 16 people
• 8 days for 32 people
• What happens when filterreaches capacity?

Courtesy MediaWave
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Inline filtration
Change your filters when they reach capacity
Keep Happy
Remember What goes in, must go out
Before the filter clogs, it will start to
releasecontaminants out to the system
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Interpretation of chemical and bacteriological
sample reports

• Samples are collected
• The samples are preserved
• The forms are completed
• The samples are delivered to the laboratory
• Wait, wait and wait
• The results are received
• What do they mean?

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Interpretation of chemical sample reports
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Interpretation of chemical sample reports
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Interpretation of chemical sample reports
Now you can interpret a Chemical sample report
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Interpretation of biological sample reports
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Interpretation of biological sample reports
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Interpretation of biological sample reports
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Interpretation of biological sample reports
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Interpretation of biological sample reports
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Interpretation of biological sample reports
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Well disinfection Why?

• Eliminate or reduce many kinds ofharmful
  bacteria and viruses
• Reduce harmless bacteria that can causebad taste
  and odors

Remember, disinfection will not fix problems
withchemical contaminants, pesticides, Nitrates,
etc.
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Well disinfection When?

• Coliform bacteria are present
• When water taste or odor changes
• After casing or pump repairs
• After installing new plumbing fixtures
• After flooding of the well
• During startup of seasonal wells
• As part of annual maintenance

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Well disinfection How?

• Turn off the electrical supply
• Isolate the well
• Remove well cap/seal movewiring out of the way

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Well disinfection How?

• Mix household 1/2 gallon bleach with 3 gallons
  water(good for an 4 well, 100 feet deep)

• Notes
• Laundry bleach is about5 Chlorine
• Hypochlorite Granulesare about 70 Chlorine
• The goal is to disinfect the totalwell volume
  with a concentrationof 50-100 mg/L Chlorine
• Read the label

Courtesy IDEM
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Well disinfection How?

• Pour mixture into well
• Turn well on recirculatewater with a garden
  hosefor about 2 hours afteryou begin to smell
  Chlorinefrom the hose

• If the water runs red(from Iron), waste
  thewater somewhere safe

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Well disinfection How?

• With the water still recirculating,open a few
  faucets, hose bibs,etc. until Chlorine is
  detected(use faucets farthest away from the
  well)
• Turn off well, recap and let sit for about8
  hours
• Turn on well and run hose somewheresafe to flush
  remaining Chlorine fromsystem(do not run
  heavily-Chlorinated water into your septic system)

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Well disinfection Special considerations

• Do not sample for Coliform unlesstotal Chlorine
  is absent
• If you cannot sample for Chlorine,wait a few
  days after all Chlorine smellis gone before
  drawing Coliform samples
• You may have to repeat the disinfection
  processone or more times to completelyremove
  all bacteria
• Do not bring heavily-Chlorinated water intoa
  water softener (can cause damage)
• Disinfect softeners separately followingmanufactu
  rers instructions (usually a ½ cup bleachinto
  the brine and regenerate)

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Ok, there is a light at the end of the
tunnel. Were about done. Are there any
questions?
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Lesson Five WT1 Operators
Self Graded Examination
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Lesson Five WT1 Operators
Self Graded Examination
10 Minutes
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Lesson Five WT1 Operators
Self Graded Examination
5 Minutes
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Lesson Five WT1 Operators
Self Graded Examination
Times Up
OK
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Lesson Five WT1 Operators
Answers
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Lesson Five WT1 Operators
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Lesson Five WT1 Operators
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• Isolation areas are also known as sanitary
  setbacks
• 200 foot radius without automatic disinfection
• 100 foot radius with automatic disinfection

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Lesson Five WT1 Operators
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Lesson Five WT1 Operators
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Lesson Five WT1 Operators
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lt Less than 2 lt 4 gt Greater than 5 gt 3
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Remember, disinfection will not fix problems
withchemical contaminants, pesticides, Nitrates,
etc.
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Lesson Five WT1 Operators
Answers
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• Do not sample for Coliform unlesstotal Chlorine
  is absent
• If you cannot sample for Chlorine,wait a few
  days after all Chlorine smell is gone before
  drawing Coliform samples

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Lesson Five WT1 Operators
Answers
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• Do not bring heavily-Chlorinated water into a
  water
• softener (can cause damage)
• Disinfect softeners separately following
  manufacturersinstructions (usually a ½ cup
  bleach into the brine and regenerate)

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Thank you for your participation

• Are there any other questions or comments?
• Please turn in your
• Self-graded examinations
• Training course evaluation forms
• Continuing education credit reports

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Indiana Water Operator Training
Indiana Department of Environmental Management
Indiana Rural Water Association
American Water Works Association
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Contact Information
Instructor For additional information
concerning this water operatortraining course,
please contact Indiana Rural Water
Association Odetta Cadwell, Executive
Director 317-402-7349