The Florida Building Code RAS 115

1
The Florida Building Code RAS 115

• Standard Procedure for Asphaltic Shingle
  Installation
• Instructor
• Michael L. Goolsby, RRC

2
What two general categories are roof systems
divided into?

• Water-shedding
• Steep slope
• Water-resistant
• Low slope

3
What term does the FBC use to define steep slope
roof systems?

• Discontinuous roofing system.
• Defined as
• Unsealed overlapping units.
• With openings at point of overlap.
• Sloped surface of 212 or greater.

4
What is the basic performance concept of a steep
slope roof system?

• Relies on gravity supplied by slope to carry the
  water quickly off the roof.
• Flashings must be designed to keep the water on
  the surface or carry the water on the flashing
  down the slope and over the eave or back onto the
  surface at an intermediate location.

5
What are some types of steep slope roof
coverings?

• Asphalt shingles
• Concrete and clay tiles
• Metal tile
• Wood shakes and shingles
• Cement fiber roof systems

6
What are the three primary components of a steep
slope roof system?

• Deck
• Underlayment
• Prepared roof covering

7
What is a prepared roof covering?

• Any manufactured or processed roof covering
  designed as the top layer of a discontinuous roof
  system.

8
What type of deck is required for shingle
attachment?

• NOA specifies wood as deck type.
• RAS 115 section 3.3 mentions sheathing or wood
  plank.
• ARMA lists plywood, sheathing boards and
  non-veneer structural panels.
• Sheathing must be fastened per FBC.
  (1521.5)

9
Ventilation requirements

• Net free ventilation of 1/150. (2326.3.2)
• 1/300 if at least 50 of ventilation system is
  located within 18 of ridge. (2326.3.2)
• Arrange on three sides, if practical.
  (2326.3.2.1)
• Openings shall be covered. Openings in screening
  shall be lt 1/8. (2326.3.2.3)
• Buildings built before 1992 without soffit
  ventilation, may not have to comply. (2326.3.2.4)
• Amount existing may not be reduced. (1521.21)

10
Opening cut for ridge vent installation
11
May asphalt shingles be installed directly over
rigid insulation panels?

• No, RAS 115 section 3.2 requires a suitable
  nailable substrate.
• Installation must comply with section 1520.5.7.
• Over-driven or under-driven fasteners, damaged
  shingles.
• Ventilation problems.

12
30 directly over perlite insulation. Nails and
tin caps used. Note over-driven nails. (Yellow
line on the 30)
13
What functions should underlayment perform?

• As waterproofing until shingles installed.
• Separate shingles from deck. (saps and resins)
• Enhance fire performance.
• Block wind driven rain.
• Secondary defense if shingles damaged.
• Bridge gaps, smooth deck.
• Prevent picture framing.

14
What should shingle underlayments not do?

• Be installed over improperly prepared deck.
• Be exposed for long periods.
• Disrupt roof drainage.
• Degrade aesthetics of shingles.
• Be slippery.
• Be perforated.
• Be difficult to work with.

15
What are the prescriptive underlayments that are
listed in the FBC and RAS 115?

• Double layer of ASTM D 226 Type I.
• Single layer of ASTM D 226 Type II.
• Single layer of ASTM D 2626.
• Yellow line identification.
• Self-adhered membrane over a mechanically
  attached base sheet. (NOA)

16
How are the underlayments to be fastened?

• Maximum spacing of 6 o.c. at the lap and two
  rows in the field with a maximum spacing of 12
  o.c.

17
What length of nail is required for underlayment
attachment?

• RAS 115 section 4.2 Min. 1 ¼ annular ring
  shank, must penetrate 3/16 or 1 into lumber 1
  or greater in thickness (both).
• ¾ nails where architectural appearance is to be
  preserved is acceptable.

18
How are underlayments to be installed at valleys
and vertical walls?

• Woven at valleys (Section 4.1)
• Turned up vertical surfaces 4 (Only shown in
  step flashing detail)

19
What are the requirements for eave and gable drip
metal?

• Minimum 1 ½ face flange.
• Minimum 2 deck flange.
• Extend ½ minimum below sheathing.
• Minimum 4 overlap.
• Roof cement between laps.
• Annular ring shank nails _at_ 4 o.c.
• Cleats required per RAS 111.
• Length of nails?

20
Are gutters and downspouts required?

• Gutters and downspouts are required if there is
  not an eave projection of at least 6.
• Gutters are not required at gable end rakes.
• Not required on a roof eave above another roof.

21
Gutter Information

• The size of semicircular gutters shall be based
  on Table 1106.6.
• The sizing of downspouts will be established
  using Table 1106.2
• Semicircular gutters were primarily used before
  the 1960s.
• Semicircular gutters are more efficient. (Why?)
• During the 1960s roll-formed metal gutter
  technology was introduced.

22
Gutter Attachment

• Secure with corrosion resistant fastening device.
  (1514.4.1.1)
• Gutter and downspout hold downs must resist the
  load of gravity when full of rainwater. (RAS 111
  Section 12.1)
• Gutters and downspouts must resist design wind
  loads. (RAS 111 Section 12.1)
• Maximum gutter length is 50 feet. (RAS 111
  Section 12.3.2)
• Components per SMACNA.
  (RAS 111 Section 12.3)

23
How are asphalt shingles made?

• Reinforcement mat.
• Asphalt coating and fillers.
• Mineral granules.
• Modified asphalt sealing strip.
• Bottom side treatment.
• Release tape.

24
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25
Factory lap. Shingle should have been discarded.
However, seems they are always used.
26
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Test requirements for shingles

• TAS 100 Wind driven rain test.
• Simulate 8.8 of rain
• Varying wind speeds up to 110mph
• 90 minute duration
• Any water penetration constitutes failure or if
  portion blows off or if tab blows up and doesnt
  reseat
• Test deck consists of the eave, the valley and
  one rake section
• Deck is set for minimum slope for
  installation but not less than 212

28
Test deck must include a valley.
29
Test deck must accommodate an observer underneath.
30
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31
Test requirements for shingles,continued

• TAS 107 Wind resistance test.
• Prepare and condition test specimen.
• Adjust incline to 212.
• Target third course from bottom.
• Adjust fan duct opening 7 from target.
• Fan velocity of 110 mph.
• Maintain test for two hours.
• Failure occurs if shingle tab lifts, damage
  is experienced or adhesive failure occurs.

32
Test requirements for shingles,continued

• ASTM D 3462 Standard specification.
• Shingles may vary in size 1/8.
• No cutout shingle can have length variation of
  ¼.
• Minimum pull through 20 lbf (_at_ 730) and 23 lbf (_at_
  320).
• Asphalt softening point 1900 - 2350 F.
• Mass per bundle minimum 70 lbs.
• Mass of mat minimum 1.35 lbs.
• Shingles shall pass Class A (ASTM E 108).

33
Test requirements for shingles,continued

• ASTM D 3018 Standard specification.
• Classification
• Physical requirements
• Dimensions and variations
• Workmanship
• Test methods
• Packaging and marking

34
Factors for successful shingle performance

• Bonding of the sealing strip.
• Number and location of fasteners.
• Correct installation of fasteners.
• Mechanical properties of the shingle.
• Adequate securement of the wood deck.
• Adequate ventilation of the attic.

35
Wind induced failure modes for shingles

• Tab uplift or shingle tearing.
• Fastener pullover.
• Fastener pullout.
• Deck failure.
• Loss of hip or ridge caps.

36
What are the two types of asphalt shingles
specifically mentioned in the FBC?

• Three tab
• Dimensional

37
What is a dimensional shingle?

• ARMA uses the terms
• Laminated self-sealing random tab
• Multi-tab self-sealing square tab
• Multi-tab self-sealing square tab (3 and 4 tab)
• No cutout self-sealing square tab
• Cutouts give impression roof is made up of large
  number of individual units
• Use square tab shingles on slopes 2-412
• ARMA defines laminate as
• Containing more than 1 layer of tabs
• Creating extra thickness
• 3-dimensional or architectural

38
What are the minimum slope requirements for
asphalt shingles?

• 212 slope for three tab shingles.
• 3.512 slope for dimensional shingles.
• Dimensional shingles have a rugged, uneven
  surface that hinders water runoff.
• The longer the run from ridge to eave, the more
  critical slope becomes.

39
Is there a maximum slope requirement for shingle
installation?

• None is mentioned in the Code.
• Manufacturers have special installation
  requirements for slopes above 2112.
• Some at less than 2112.
• At this slope the sealing strip will not bond
  effectively.
• Hand tabbing of the shingles may be necessary.

40
Could asphalt shingles be installed on a four
story building?

• Shingles are restricted to roof mean heights of
  33 or less.
• Unless otherwise noted in the Notice of
  Acceptance.

41
What options are available for starter strip
installation?

• A row of non-laminated shingles, with or without
  sealing strip, trimmed per manufacturer
  instructions. Or
  
• Minimum 7 wide mineral surfaced roll roofing.

42
Starter strip being cut. Note Too much is being
trimmed.
43
Must starter shingles be both set in flashing
cement and nailed?

• Starter strips must be set in 8 wide layer of
  roof cement.
• Nails are required no higher than 4 above eave
  line.
• Nails _at_ 6 o.c. for shingle strips and 12 o.c.
  for mineral surfaced roofing.
• Spot tabbing with roof cement required for
  starters without sealing strip or for mineral
  surfaced roll roofing strips.
• Offset joints in the starter course from the
  first course of shingles.

44
How is the exposure, alignment and course layout
of a shingle roof determined?

• Per NOA instructions.
• Racking is generally not allowed.
• Omission of nails, unacceptable shading,
  difficulty in maintaining horizontal alignment,
  increased susceptibility to wind loss and end
  joint alignment every other course are often
  cited as problems with racking.
• Per ARMA exposure between courses should not vary
  1/8.

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47
Racking of shingles resulted in missing nail
every other course.
48
Staircasing, 6 pattern.
49
Misaligned shingles. (Horizontal)
50
Misaligned shingles. (Vertical) No cutout or end
joint is to be less than 2 from a nail in an
underlying course. (7.3)
51
Nailing requirements for of asphalt shingles?
52

• Use six nails. (7.1)
• Nails must be 1 ¼. (3.3)
• Nails must penetrate 3/16 or 1 into lumber 1
  or greater in thickness.
• ¾ nails may be used _at_ exposed. (3.3)
• Place fasteners per NOA. (7.1)
• Avoid exposed fasteners, drive fasteners straight
  dont break shingle surface, dont drive into
  knots or cracks. (7.2)

53

• Repair faulty nailing immediately. (7.2)
• Remove fastener and repair or replace entire
  shingle,. (7.2)
• Do not nail into or above the factory sealing
  strip. (7.3) Why?
• Sealant could be shattered
• Nail may be left sticking up when the sealant
  flows
• High nail placement increases wind loss
• May miss penetrating shingle below
• May want to use stainless steel or aluminum nails
  in coastal areas.

54
Nails placed too high. One nail is missing the
shingle below.
55
Underdriven nails.
56
Where do most of the requirements found in RAS
115 come from?

• The Asphalt Roofing Manufacturers Association
  (ARMA) Residential Asphalt Roofing Manual.

57
How are shingles to be installed at the rakes?

• Terminate rake with shingle at least 12 in
  length. (6.7)
• Set rake shingles in 8 wide bed of roof cement,
  1/8 thick. (6.1)
• Shingles may overhang drip edge no more than ¼.
  (6.1)
• Manufacturers may require step bulling. Nailing
  within 1 of the rake is often enforced.

58
8 of roof cement at rake
59
Missing roof cement at rake.
60
What are the three shingle valley installation
methods?

• Open
• Closed Cut
• Woven
• A valley on a roof with a slope of 212 is only
  1.412

61
What are the requirements for installing valley
flashings?

• Either pre-formed or rolled metal is required.
• Minimum metal width of 16.
• May install over optional sweat sheet.
• Fasten with 1 ¼ R.S. nails _at_ 12 o.c.
• Place fasteners 1 in from edge.
• No nails to be in center of valley.
• Entire edge and nails to be covered with roof
  cement and membrane.
• Laps to be min. 6 and set in roof
  cement.

62
Edge and nails covered with roof cement and
membrane.
63
Open Valley (Section 8.2)

• Chalk lines starting at 6 wide at top and
  diverge at 1/8 per foot toward eave.
• Trim shingles to chalk line.
• Never finish course with less than 12 long
  shingle.
• Dub 1 off upper corner.
• Set shingles in 8 wide layer of roof cement.
• No exposed nails along valley flashing.

64
Closed Cut Valley (Section 8.3)

• Start on lower or slope with lesser height.
• Extend shingles 12 past valley and install 2
  nails on adjoining plane.
• No shingle joints in valley.
• Press shingles tightly into valley.
• No nails within 6 of centerline.
• Chalk line 2 up under-shingled side.
• Trim shingles at chalk line, dub corners,
  finish with 12 long shingle and set
  shingles in 3 bed of cement.

65
16 wide valley metal
66
Step bulling. Shingles carried through the
valley by at least 12. Note Racking and
corners not dubbed.
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68
Find the missing shingle in the valley.
69
Woven Valley (Section 8.4)

• Shingles alternated from each roof plane.
• Carry shingles 12 through valley and install 2
  nails on adjoining plane.
• Press shingles tightly into valley.
• No nails within 6 of centerline.
• Courses at valleys must terminate with shingles
  at least 12 in length.
• It is hard to keep shingles from Bridging. This
  leaves the shingles vulnerable to damage.
• Woven valleys dont drain well, especially
  at low slopes.

70
16 wide valley metal
71
Incorrectly woven valley. Rain cuts at right
angles to the valley
72
Correctly woven valley. Seldom seen.
73
Is there any other type of valley that might be
encountered?

• Horizontal or blind valley.
• Sometimes referred to as a Butterfly roof.
• How would you install this type of valley?
• The following photo shows a tile roof
• but the concept is the same.

74
Blind or horizontal valley.
75
What are the two methods for installing flashings
at vertical walls?

• Step flashing
• Continuous L metal
• Manufacturers typically follow ARMA guidelines
  and require step flashing.

76
Step Flashing (9.3)

• Turn underlayment up vertical surface 4.
• Metal flange 5 x 5 x 2 longer than shingle
  exposure.
• Position 5 up from butt, fasten with 2 nails.
• Dont fasten vertical arm.
• Terminate cap flashing or wall
  treatment 1 above roofline.

77
Drawing shows only 1 nail but two are required.
8 of roof cement also required
78
5"
5
79
Continuous L metal (9.2)

• Use 4x5 metal. Deck flange?
• Set metal in roof cement.
• Fasten both legs _at_ 6 o.c.
• Lap metal 4, roof cement in joint.
• Ensure laps are water-shedding.
• Seal edge with roof cement/membrane.
• Step bull w/8 of roof cement.
• Counterflashing per RAS 111.

80
8 of roof cement and step bulling also
required.
81
Counter Flashing, Cap Flashing, or Wall Treatment
installation

• Install per RAS 111.
• Lap joints minimum of 4.
• Cover base flashing by 3 minimum.
• Keep lower edge minimum 1 above roof.
• Where counterflashing is used as means of sealing
  (step flashing) set flashing in sealant and
  sealant at top edge.

82
Missing counterflashing.
83
Stucco shoulder type counterflashing is used. No
sealant behind or on the top edge of the
counterflashing. Bonded sealing washers not
installed at the anchors.
84
Installing head wall flashing or apron flashing

• Apply shingles up roof until the tail must be
  trimmed.
• Adjust exposure to achieve 8 wide last course.
• Install 4x5 L metal on last course.
• 5 wall and 4 deck flange.
• Dont nail vertical leg.
• Dont nail siding through vertical leg.

85
Installing head wall flashing or apron flashing,
continued

• Apply additional course of shingles over and
  trimmed to the width L metal deck flange.
• If a head wall meets a side wall, cut flashing so
  it extends 7 around corner and continue up side
  wall with step flashing (what about continuous
  L metal?).

86
Installing flashings at soil stacks, vent pipes,
ventilators, and exhaust stacks?

• Apply shingles up to vent pipe.
• Cut hole in shingle to fit over pipe, set shingle
  in roof cement.
• Install pre-formed flashing over pipe and
  shingle.
• Lower flashing flange must overlap the
  lower shingle and shingles must overlap flashing
  at top and sides.

87
Installing flashings at soil stacks, vent pipes,
ventilators, and exhaust stacks, cont.

• Dont nail through the flange close to the pipe.
  (This should be required at all flashings but it
  is only mentioned here)
• For ventilators and exhaust fans, use same
  procedure as vent pipe.
• If ventilator has an NOA follow those
  procedures.

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90
Flashing incorrectly placed and shingles were not
seal around the flashing
91
Incorrect placement of flashing. Too much lead
exposed.
92
Flashing is missing.
93
Non-UL approved hot vent. Safety hazard.
94
Non-UL approved hot vent. Safety hazard.
95
Wind turbine installation, note bottom edge is
not secured.
96
Installing flashings at chimneys (11)

• Use two piece flashing, base and cap.
• Apply shingles up to front side of chimney before
  installing L metal.
• Apply primer to masonry or metal chimneys.
• Install apron flashing first, 4 deck flange and
  12 vertical flange. Secure per RAS 111.
• Set deck and wall flanges in roof cement.

97
Installing flashings at chimneys, continued (11)

• Side wall flashings.
• Section calls for step flashing and the use of
  Option A and B. (Which?)
• Secure each flashing unit to masonry with roof
  cement.
• Embed shingles that overlap flashing in 8 of
  roof cement.
• Place rear flashing over cricket.
• Waterproof cricket per manufacturer

98
Requirement for chimney or curb cricket

• Code does not require cricket.
• NRCA recommends cricket if
• Large volume of water is expected.
• If chimney is 24 or wider.
• If roof slope is 612 or greater

99
Step flashing Apron flashing Counterflashing
100
Cricket flashing at chimney.
101
Installing hip and ridge caps.
102
Section 12

• Use pre-manufactured units or cut units from
  strip shingles.
• Taper the lap portion of the unit.
• Lay units away from prevailing wind.
• Exposure shall not exceed 5.
• Ensure all fasteners are covered.
• Dont allow cutting on the unprotected newly
  installed shingle roof surface.
• Nailing instructions are not given, follow
  normal procedure.

103
Ridge caps cut from strip shingle. Note Too much
is being trimmed. Not a good idea to trim ridge
caps directly on the underlayment or on newly
installed shingles.
104
Ridge caps sized incorrectly. More than the width
of one shingle tab was used.
105
Shingle recover

• Asphalt shingles may be installed over one
  existing layer of shingles. (1521.17)
• Existing shingles shall have no more than 1/8
  difference in level. (1521.17)
• Shingle recover guidelines established by the
  Board of Rules and Appeals.

106
Shingle recover. Nesting Method.
107
Shingle recover usingBridging Method. Top layer
is a stiffer shingle.
108
Failure to install new step flashing during
recover.
109
How long does a shingle roof last?

• The Insurance Institute for Property Loss
  Prevention cites 17 years as the average.
• There is no accepted accelerated wear test for
  shingles.
• What has your experience been?

110
Conclusion of the RAS 115 presentation.

• Are there any questions or comments?