Start Up12208

1
Start Up 1/22/08

• Name the first human in space.
• Name the first American in space.
• Today Go over Visible Sky Test and Redo
  Open Responses

2
Start Up 1/23/08

• Why do astronauts experience weightlessness?
  Explain.
• If you found out you were going to space and were
  going to experience weightlessness, what would
  you like to do in that environment? Explain.

3
Race to Space!

• Nathan Holt Steve Case
• April 2006

4
Gravity Clips

• http//www.teachersdomain.org/resources/phy03/sci/
  phys/mfw/asrnt/index.html
•  
• http//www.christa.org/gravity.htm
•  
• (12 min. video on Newton's laws in space)
• http//quest.nasa.gov/space/teachers/liftoff/newto
  n.html

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Wernher von Braun Father of Space Exploration

• Along with other German scientists, developed the
  1st rockets during and after World War II
• Came to the U.S. after WWII, lived and worked in
  Huntsville, AL from 1950 1970
• Work provided the basis for all early NASA
  missions
• 1st director of NASA

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Start of the Space Race

• October 4th, 1957, Russia launched the first
  artificial satellite, Sputnik, into orbit
• Caused a wide-spread panic in the U.S.
• People feared the Soviet Union would dominate the
  world in space exploration

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Formation of NASA

• Founded 1958 after Congress passed the National
  Aeronautics and Space Act
• Formed in direct response to the launch of
  Sputnik
• Purpose to provide organization and direction of
  U.S. space program
• First missions focused on getting humans into
  space, studying effects of space on humans, and
  returning astronauts safely to Earth

8
Competitors in the Space Race
Soviet Union
United States

• After the launch of Sputnik, the U.S. and
  U.S.S.R. were in direct competition to have most
  advanced space program
• Viewed as contest between communism and
  capitalism
• National pride and fears for national defense
  played large roles in motivating space race

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First Human in Space
On April 12, 1961, the Soviets succeeded in
launching the first human into space, Yuri
Gagarin, and returning him safely to Earth
Yuri and his spacecraft, Vostok 1
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First American in Space

• Alan Shepard becomes the first American astronaut
  to enter space, aboard the Freedom 7 spacecraft,
  on May 5, 1961

Alan and his spacecraft, Freedom 7
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The Mercury Project

• NASAs first mission
• Mission goals
• getting an astronaut into space
• completing an orbit
• returning astronaut to Earth safely
• Several preliminary Mercury launches were unmanned

The Mercury - Atlas I spacecraft
Enos the chimpanzee, crew of the Mercury Atlas
V spacecraft
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The Gemini Project

• Involved sending two astronauts into orbit for
  longer periods of time
• Paved the way and tested equipment for the Apollo
  missions to the moon
• Astronaut Ed White, II performs the first
  spacewalk by an American during the Gemini IV
  mission

Astronaut Ed White, II
The rendezvous of the Gemini VI and Gemini VII
spacecraft
13
President Kennedys Challenge

• May 21, 1961 President Kennedy challenged the
  United States to land astronauts on the moon and
  to return them safely to Earth
• Challenge provided a finish line for the space
  race

President John F. Kennedy
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The Apollo Missions

• Apollo 11-17 involved landing men on the moon
  Apollo 13 was aborted due to a malfunction
• July 20, 1969, Buzz Aldrin and Neil Armstrong of
  Apollo 11 were first men on the moon
• Each mission consisted of three astronauts one
  stayed on Command Module in lunar orbit, two
  descended in Lunar Module to moons surface
• Total of 12 men have walked on the moon

The Apollo 11 launch
Neil Armstrong
Buzz Aldrin, in Apollo 11 and on the moon (above
and right)
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When did the space race end?

• Some historians believe the Space Race ended when
  Apollo 11 returned safely from the Moon
• Others believe that the Race ended when the
  United States Apollo 18 spacecraft docked with a
  Russian Soyuz spacecraft in 1975

A drawing of the Apollo Soyuz rendezvous
(Apollo 18 is on the left)
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Skylab The First Space Station

• Launched by the U.S. in 1973
• Built from a modified Apollo command module
• Occupied by 3 different teams of astronauts for a
  total of 171 days
• Purposely burned up in the Earths atmosphere in
  1979
• Over 2,000 hours of scientific and medical
  experiments performed onboard

Two photographs of Skylab, taken by astronauts on
their approach to the space station
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Space Shuttles

• Originally spacecraft were used only once
• In the 1980s, NASA developed reusable spacecraft,
  the space shuttles
• Launched like rockets but land like modern-day
  airplanes
• Considered the most complex machines ever built
• Used to take satellites and instruments into
  space
• Originally five shuttles, two of which have been
  destroyed (Challenger, Columbia), three remaining
  in service (Atlantis, Endeavor, Discovery)
• Fleet of shuttles scheduled to be retired in 2010

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The International Space Station (ISS)

• 15 nations participating
• Assembly began in 1998 should be completed by
  2010
• Teams of astronauts have lived aboard the ISS
  since 2001
• Provides a permanent laboratory for conducting
  experiments in space

Images of the ISS
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Unmanned Missions Space Probes and Landers

• Besides manned missions like Mercury, Gemini, and
  Apollo, NASA launched a series of unmanned
  missions
• Probes sent to study the outer planets and to
  land on planets of the inner solar system like
  Mercury, Venus, and Mars
• Probes also sent to gather information about the
  moon before astronauts ventured there

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Why send robotic probes instead of human?

• Benefits
• Cheaper theres no need to send along food, air,
  and living space for astronauts or fuel for a
  round-trip
• Safer theres no danger to human life
• Drawbacks
• Robotic probes can only do what theyre
  programmed to do they cannot grow or adapt to
  face unforeseen changes
• Robotic probes often must be controlled remotely
  from Earth
• Some feel that robotic missions lack the romance
  of discovery and experience of manned missions

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Voyager

• Launched in 1977, first spacecraft to visit the
  outer planets of our solar system and send back
  pictures of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and Neptune
• Continue to function to this day
• Now the farthest man-made objects in the solar
  system

Images of Saturn (left) and Jupiter (below) from
the Voyager spacecraft
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The Hubble Telescope
From left Images from the Hubble telescope of
the Sombrero Galaxy, Orion Nebula, Messier 101
Galaxy

• In 1990, the Hubble Space Telescope was placed in
  orbit by the shuttle Discovery
• Example of scientific instrument in space
• Used to measure the age and size of the universe
• Able to take extremely clear images that are
  undistorted by Earths atmosphere

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The Cassini-Huygens Mission
An image of Saturn relayed to Earth by the
Cassini Huygens spacecraft

• First spacecraft to explore Saturn and its rings
  and moons from orbit
• Has been in orbit around Saturn since January 30,
  2004
• The Huygens probe was released from the Cassini
  spacecraft in January 2005 to study Titan,
  Saturns largest moon

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Mars Rovers

• Probes launched to Mars with robotic rovers to
  explore surface
• Spirit landed on Mars January 4, 2004
  Opportunity landed December 12, 2004
• Primary mission scheduled to last 3 months, but
  mission has been active over two Earth years
• Rovers remotely controlled by scientists on Earth

Top and bottom images of Mars from the rovers.
Left an artists vision of Spirit on Mars
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President Bushs Vision for Space Exploration

• Presented plan to NASA January 2004
• ISS to be completed by 2010
• Space shuttles to be retired from service by 2010
• Develop new manned spacecraft by 2008 and
  complete manned mission by 2014
• Return to the moon by 2020
• Eventually send humans to Mars

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Image Sources

• http//liftoff.msfc.nasa.gov/academy/history/VonBr
  aun/VonBraun.html
• http//www.cohsoft.com.au/cohsoft/gene/images/1950
  map.png
• http//www.bbc.co.uk/science/space/exploration/mis
  siontimeline/vostok1.shtml
• http//www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/shepard-alan
  .html
• http//www.nasm.si.edu/galleries/ATTM/atmimages/S6
  1-01928.f.jpg
• http//www.nasa.gov/home/index.html
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_5
• http//www.aerospaceguide.net/spaceexploration/gem
  ini.html
• http//www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/white-eh.htm
  l
• http//www.nasa.gov/home/index.html
• http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercury-Atlas_5
• http//www.aerospaceguide.net/spaceexploration/gem
  ini.html
• http//www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/white-eh.htm
  l
• http//grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001488.
  html
• http//www.hbci.com/tgort/moon.htm
• http//earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Library/Giants/vo
  nBraun/vonbraun_4.html
• http//grin.hq.nasa.gov/ABSTRACTS/GPN-2000-001488.
  html
• http//www.hbci.com/tgort/moon.htm
• http//www.historyplace.com/unitedstates/apollo11/

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Sources Continued
http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apollo_Soyuz_Test_Pro
ject http//heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/Images/skylab/ h
ttp//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skylab http//www.ed.a
rizona.edu/ward/Sonic/shuttle.jpg http//www.clipa
rtgallery.com/travel_trans/space/space_shuttle_bla
stoff2.html http//voyager.jpl.nasa.gov/science/ h
ttp//hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/r
eleases/2006/01/ http//hubblesite.org/gallery/alb
um/galaxy_collection/pr2003028b/ http//hubblesite
.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2006/10/
image/a http//www.pbs.org/spacestation/station/is
sfactsheet.htm http//hubblesite.org/newscenter/ne
wsdesk/archive/releases/2006/01/ http//hubblesite
.org/gallery/album/galaxy_collection/pr2003028b/ h
ttp//hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/r
eleases/2006/10/image/a http//www.pbs.org/spacest
ation/station/issfactsheet.htm http//www.space.gc
.ca/asc/eng/iss/facts.asp http//www.issbabylon.co
m/html/cool_iss_pictures.html http//www.nasa.gov/
mission_pages/station/expeditions/expedition13/exp
13_dock.html http//saturn.jpl.nasa.gov/overview/i
ndex.cfm http//www.nasa.gov/images/content/54572m
ain_rover1_br.jpg http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ima
geMars_from_Spirit.jpg http//marsrovers.nasa.gov
/spotlight/20060302.html http//www.astro.cz/clane
k/tisk/1667 http//www.whitehouse.gov/news/release
s/2004/01/images/20040114-3_nasa1-515h.html