Games, Anticipation and Brain Plasticity UTD 2006 Slide 1

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University of Texas at Dallas
Games, Anticipation and Brain Plasticity
ATEC 7390
Gaurav N. Pradhan
Advisor Dr. Mihai Nadin
Games, Anticipation and Brain Plasticity _at_ UTD
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University of Texas at Dallas
What is Anticipation ?

• Containing a predictive model of itself and/or
  of its environment, which allows it to change
  state at an instant in accord with the models
  predictions pertaining to a latter instant
• - R. Rosen
• Able to develop a model of their environment and
  use it in an anticipatory manner
• - G. J. Klir
• An anticipatory system is a system whose current
  state is determined by a future state.
• - M. Nadin

Games, Anticipation and Brain Plasticity _at_ UTD
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Perceptual skills

• The ability to anticipate a future event
  based on information arising early in the display
  underlying effective motor performance.
• Examples
• Skilled Driver gtgt Anticipates hazardous traffic
  situations
• Skilled Tennis Player gtgt Anticipates opponents
  intentions

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Learning Perceptual Anticipation

• A. William et.al. examined the anticipation skill
  in tennis using realistic film simulations,
  movement-based response measures, and a portable
  eye movement recording system.
• The video simulations of skilled players,
  instructions and feedback were used for training
  the novice players.
• The performance (anticipation) of trained players
  was improved than untrained players.

Games, Anticipation and Brain Plasticity _at_ UTD
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Response Preparation

• Preparation is an attentional component involved
  in the execution and control of voluntary action
• impaired in the process of normal aging
• Preparatory processes a voluntary or
  attention-demanding set of strategic behaviors
• sustains the development and maintaining of an
  optimal processing state prior to the execution
  of movement

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• Reaction Time (RT) Tasks
• Preparatory Process
• Preparatory Interval (PI) separates the warning
  signal from the imperative or response signal.
• Stimuli Processing
• Response Execution

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Two important distinctions regardingpreparation

• Specific
• preparation of a predetermined response to a
  specific stimulus.
• Non-specific (Temporal preparation)
• synchronization of an action in time.

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Aging and Preparation

• An incapacity to develop an optimal prepared
  state rapidly.
• An inability to maintain preparation over a
  certain period of time.

Games, Anticipation and Brain Plasticity _at_ UTD
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University of Texas at Dallas
Exploring Preparation
RT is longer with short PIs and tends to
decrease for longer ones. Interpretation
Participants increase their level of preparation
because signal likelihood increases with time
(conditional probability).
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Results (Louis Bherer and Sylvie Belleville,
2004)
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References
Bherer L., Belleville S. Age-related differences
in response preparation the role of time
uncertainity., J. Gerontal B Psychol Sci Soc,
2004 Mar 59(2) P66-74. Li SC, Dinse HR.
Aging of the brain, sensorimeter, and cognitive
processes, Neuroscience Biobehavioral Rev., 2002
Nov 26(7). Adkin AL, Frank JS, Carpenter MG,
Peysar GW, Fear of Falling modifies anticipatory
postural control, Exp Brain Res., 2002 Mar
143(2). Liu W, Kim SH, Long JT, Pohl PS, Duncan
PW. Anticipatory postural adjustments and the
latency of compensatory stepping reactions in
humans. Neuroscience Lett., 2003 Jan
336(1)1-4 Poulter DR, Jackson RC, Wann JP,
Berry DC, The effect of learning condition on
perceptual anticipation, awareness and visual
search, Human Mov Sci, 2005 Aug.
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References (contd.)
Rankin JK, Woollacott MH, Shumay-Cook A, Brwon
LA. Cognitive influence on postural stability a
neuromuscular analysis in young and adults , J
Gerontal A Biological Science Med, 200 Mar
55(3). Wing AM, Flanagan JR, Richardson J,
Anticipatory postural adjustments in stance and
grip, Exp Brain Res., Aug 1997 116(1) Stepan
V, Zara J Teaching tennis in virtual
environment, Proceedings 18th on Computer
Graphics, April 24-27, 2002. Shim J, Carlton LG,
Chow JW, Chae WS. The use of anticipatory visual
cues by highly skilled tennis players, J Mot
Behavioral, 2005 Mar 37(2). William AM, Ward
P, Knowles JM, Smeeton NJ, Anticipation Skill in
a real-world task measurement, training, and
transfer in tennis, J Exp Psychol App., 2002
Dec. 8(4) 259-270.
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References (contd.)
Ralf Th. Krampe, Aging, expertise and fine motor
movement, Neuroscience BioBehavioral Rev. 2002
Aug 769-776 Henning Allmer, Physical activity
and cognitive functioning in aging, J Public
Health June 2005. Micheal Hogan, Physical and
Cognitive Activity and Exercise for older Adults
A Review, Intl J. Aging and Human Dev. 2005
Vol 60(2) Riegler A., The role of Anticipation
in Cognition, Computing Anticipatory Systems,
Proceedings of the American Institute of Physics
573, pp. 534-541 Whitcomb GB, Computer Games
for the Elderly, USC
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References (contd.)
Lacquaniti F., Maioli C, Anticipatory and
reflex coactivation of antagonist muscles in
catching , Brain Resaerch, 406(1987)
373-378 Diedrichsen J, Verstyen T, Hon A, Lehman
SL, Ivry RB, Anticipatory adjustments in the
unloading task Is an efference copy necessary
for learning?, Exp Brain Res., (2003) 148
272-276 Poulter DR, Jackson RC, Wann JP, Berry
DC, The effect of learening condition on
perceptual anticipation, awareness, and visual
search, Human movement Science, 2005. Damian
Farrow, Bruce Abernethy, Do expertise and the
degree of perception-action coupling affect
natural anticipatory performance?, Perception,
2003 VOl 32 pp. 1127-1139
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