1
The time had come .

• The opening shots of the American Civil War.

2
Election of 1860
3
Fort Sumter

• One of two Federal forts left in the South.
• Lincolns dilemma.
• What is the one thing that Lincoln can not
  afford to do?
• April 12th, 1861. Southern artillery opens fire
  on the fort. Thirty-four hours later, the
  garrison surrenders.

4
Impact?

• Galvanizes the North. The Southerners were now
  looked upon as the aggressors.
• April 15th. Lincoln calls for 75,000 volunteers
• VA, Ark, and Tenn.., all secede.
• Robert E. Lee is offered command of the
  Union armies.

5
Causes of the Civil War

• The issue of slavery
• Slavery in general. Moral terms.
• Expansion of slavery as it relates to the new
  territories or the balance of power.
• Four slave states remained loyal to the Union.

6
More

• States rights/nullification
• Supremacy of the individual state over the
  federal government.
• Interpretation of the intent of the Founding
  Fathers and the Constitution.
• Economic differences
• Agriculture v. industry. Slavery and the
  protective tariff.

7
More

• Differences in Civilization
• Planter aristocracy v. a more democratic North.
  Couldnt understand each other.
• Fanaticism
• Both sides exaggerated the ills of each.
• The critical time period of the 1850s lacked
  leadership able to steer and maintain a course of
  compromise.

8
Advantages for the North

• 1. Controlled 19 free states and 5 border
  states.
• 2. Northern population totaled 22 million.
  South had 9 million ( of which 3.5 million were
  slaves)
• 3. Represented over 90 of the industry.
• 4. 20,000 miles of railroads.

9
More Yankees

• 5. 3/4th of the nations financial resources.
  The South was short on capital.
• 6. The North maintained control of the navy and
  merchant marine.

10
Advantages of the South

• 1. Geographically compact group of 11 states.
• 2. Fighting a defensive war. Knew the
  terrain, shorter lines of
  communication etc.
• 3. Military leadership.
• 4. More accustomed to an outdoor
  life.
• 5. British and French friends.

11
A look at the ifs

• What if
• The Border States had seceded?
• Certain battles had gone different ways.
• A wave of defeatism swept the North and demanded
  an armistice?
• France or England broke the Union blockade?

12
Lincoln tests the Constitution

• Often proceeded without Congressional approval.
• Calls up troops.
• Spends federal funds not yet appropriated.
• Suspends the writ habeas corpus in MD.
• Exiled Copperhead leader Vallandignam to the
  Confederacy.

13
Foreign Intrigue

• Northern problems with England.
• Wanted them to keep out of the war.
• Wheat and corn defeat King Cotton.
• Uncle Tom.
• English ship building. Blockade runners.
  Alabama.
• Canadian troubles.

14
Girding for War

• Lincoln and Davis.
• Volunteers and the first draft. (19
  v. 6)
• Economic problems.
• Taxes.
• New protective tariffs.
• National banking system.

15
(No Transcript)