Aquatic Animal Nutrition FAS 2240C

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Aquatic Animal NutritionFAS 2240C
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Course Syllabus

• Study of aquatic animal nutrition
• bioenergetics
• digestion/digestive anatomy/metabolism
• nutrient classes/sources/requirements
• formulation/feedstuffs
• manufacturing processes
• practical pond feed management

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Syllabus

• Animals covered variety of finfish and
  crustacean species
• textbook none are current or adequate
• also, various reprints of peer review journal
  articles
• on reserve
• De Silva, S.S., and T.A. Anderson, 1995. Fish
  nutrition in aquaculture
• Lovell, T., 1989. Nutrition and feeding of fish
• DAbramo, Conklin and Akiyama, 1992. Crustacean
  Nutrition
• Halver, J., 1988. Fish Nutrition
• Maynard and Loosli, 1969. Animal Nutrition

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Syllabus grading

• Lecture Exams 1, 2, 3 60
• Term paper (journal format) 20
• Journal article critiques (5 x 4 pts) 20

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Schedule of Topics

• Day Topic/Activity
• 8/25 Introduction, general concepts, animal body
  and its food
• 9/1 Digestion and metabolism
• 9/8 Chemoattraction
• 9/15 Bioenergetics
• 9/22 Exam 1
• 9/29 Proteins and amino acids, structure and
  essentiality
• 10/6 Protein and energy issues
• 10/13 Lipids and carotenoids
• 10/20 Carbohydrates and vitamins
• 10/27 Exam 2
• 11/3 Feed ingredients, physical characteristics,
  storage
• 11/10 Feed formulation, manufacture and fish meal
  replacement
• 11/17 Feed management and growth issues
• 11/24 Thanksgiving
• 12/1 Nutritional research methods, current areas
  of research

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Todays Lecture 8/25/05

• Part 1 Introduction (Maynard et al. Lovell)
• What is nutrition???
• History of nutrition
• Nutrition today
• Nutrient essentiality
• Part 2 The animal body and its food (Maynard,
  et al. Lovell)
• Aquatics vs. terrestrials

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What is Nutrition?

• Nutrition the provision of all indispensable
  nutrients in adequate amounts to insure proper
  growth and maintenance of body functions
• involves various chemical reactions and
  physiological transformations which convert foods
  into body tissues and activities
• involves ingestion, digestion and absorption of
  various nutrients
• transport into cells
• removal of unusable elements and waste products
  of metabolism

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History of Nutrition I

• Lavoisier is generally credited as being the
  father of nutrition
• until the first quarter of 19th Century, we
  thought the nutritive value of food resided only
  in one component
• near the end of the 19th Century research started
  to focus primarily on the need for protein,
  lipids and carbohydrates
• minerals were considered important, but their
  essentiality was unknown

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History of Nutrition II

• Tremendous expansion in the 20th Century with the
  discovery of vitamins, role of amino acids, more
  minerals
• the body is now known to need more than 40
  nutrients for normal growth and maintenance
• what have been the reasons for these advances???
• Human nutritional/health problems
• also, basic studies of the functioning of the
  animal organism supplemented research

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History of Nutrition III

• Example of historical nutritional research
• heifers fed wheat-based diets produced calves at
  lower rates than those fed corn diets
• assumption something toxic in wheat
• analysis nothing toxic in tissues
• reality vitamin deficiency
• scientific methods for formulating feeds were
  inadequate
• research diets eventually simplified/purified

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History of Nutrition IV

• First vitamin discovered in 1913
• pioneer nutritional work achieved primarily
  through the use of animal subjects
• same today, but with restrictions
• rats ? vitamins, amino acids, minerals
• dogs ? insulin, nicotinic acid
• guinea pigs ? prevention of scurvy
• chicks ? thiamin and other vitamins
• bacteria ? growth factors, nutrient function in
  metabolism
• final answers must be derived from species studied

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Nutrition Today

• Animal nutrition today is multidisciplinary
• metabolism physiologists, biochemists
• vitamins organic chemists
• isotopes/chromatography physicists
• protein structure molecular biochemists
• breed variation geneticists
• vitamins/amino acids microbiologists
• additives/improved digestibility food
  technologists

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Issue Overexpansion

• Everyone now-a-days appears to be an expert in
  nutrition
• infomercials, algae, diet fads
• claims of superiority without scientific evidence
  (science vs. pseudoscience)
• example massive doses of vitamins are useless,
  often toxic
• nutrition industry might need to become more
  conservative
• its no wonder why the average consumer is
  puzzled!!

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Nutrient Essentiality

• essential nutrient one that must be provided in
  the diet in order to insure adequate growth and
  maintenance, indispensable
• Nutrient categories macro and micro
• macronutrients protein, lipid, carbohydrate,
  etc.
• micronutrients trace metals, vitamins
• important molecular weight is not the basis,
  requirement level is
• proteins g/kg vitamins µg/kg
• large requirement doesnt imply greater
  importance (example Se in sheep 0.1 mg/day)

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Basic Nutritional Concepts

• Animal nutrition is tied back to food crops and
  ultimately to the nutritive value of soil
• strong interrelationship between human and animal
  nutrition
• foods/feeds of both contain similar nutrients
• metabolic processes are basically similar
• nutritional niche of animals animals
  concentrate nutrients of food crops into more
  nutritious and palatable forms for humans
• point animals take sources unsuitable for
  humans and improve their quality for us!

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Animals as Primary Consumers

• Animals produce meat, milk, etc. on land that is
  often unsuitable for production of food crops
• problem overall land availability vs. protein
  demand
• fisheries flat, agriculture barely keeping up
• nutrition has greatly improved production
  capacity, however it is not going to be enough

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What Does it All Mean?

• Agriculture is barely keeping up with world food
  demand and
• Fisheries are being improperly managed to the
  point of steady state
• Either we must quickly apply Iowa corn field
  technology to all arable land on Earth or food
  must be found from other sources
• One possible option is aquaculture.

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Current Challenges/Problems

• For aquaculture to contribute more to the worlds
  food supply, production must be intensified
• higher yields must be achieved in ponds
• better and more predictable natural sources of
  nutrition (natural productivity) must be
  available (too unpredictable)
• more crude feed materials used as supplements or
• compounded feeds must provide all nutrients
• retention vs. digestibility Which is best metric?

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Part 2 The Animal Body and Its Food

• From Lovell and Maynard, et al.

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Learning Objectives

• Aquatics, compared to terrestrials, are typically
  better converters of nutrients into body tissue
• This does not apply in all cases to all nutrients

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Aquatics vs. Terrestrials feeding issues

• Aquatics are what they are submerged in water
• as opposed to land culture of animals, the
  water itself can serve as a source of nutrition
  (natural productivity)
• overfeeding of land animals does not necessarily
  imply ruining of their environment
• in water, nutrients are quickly lost if feed is
  not immediately consumed
• waste is not readily observable, thus, attraction
  and palatability of aquatic feeds is important

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Aquatics vs. Terrestrials nutrient requirements

• Overall qualitative requirement is generally
  similar
• energy requirements are lower for fish than most
  terrestrials ? higher protein energy ratio
• marine fish/shrimp require some fatty acids and
  sterols that terrestrials dont
• aquatics have reduced dietary mineral requirement
  (environment is nutrient source)
• some fish/most crustaceans have limited ability
  to synthesize ascorbic acid
• shrimp cannot synthesize cholestrol molecule

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Aquatics vs. Terrestrials nutrient requirements

• Nutrient requirements for one group of finfish or
  crustaceans can only serve as a starting point
  for other species
• lysine example
• nutrient requirements will ultimately become more
  and more refined
• problem apparent vs. true requirement

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Percent Composition of Aquatics
Animal Water Protein Fat Ash
Channel catfish, muscle 77.30 16.30 5.40 1.10
Artemia nauplii 89.09 6.29 1.40 1.02
White shrimp 90.00 7.17 0.50 1.30
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For Next Time

• Digestion and Metabolism
• Read Gibson, R. 1983. Feeding and Digestion in
  Decapod Crustaceans. Pages 59-70 in Proceedings
  of the 2nd International Conference on
  Aquaculture Nutrition Biochemical and
  Physiological Approaches to Shellfish Nutrition,
  Pruder, G.D., Langdon, C., Conklin, D. (Eds.).
  World Mariculture Society, Baton Rouge,
  Louisiana, USA,