Tissue Engineering A'K'A' regenerative medicine Lab tested, Vatican approved

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Tissue EngineeringA.K.A. regenerative
medicineLab tested, Vatican approved
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In a nutshell
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We Break. Mike Tyson vs. Evander Holyfield Ear
Bite Marty McSorley of the Bruins slashing Donald
Brashear of Vancover in 2000, McSorley was
suspended indefinitely Even more serious Heart
transplants, Kidney failure, Liver disease, we
need parts replaced, regrown.
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Still thousands die while waiting for a
transplant, and thousands more arent even on the
list.
400 bil ½ of national health care bill goes to
patients with organ failure, or tissue loss
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T. E. is the next wave

• Grow your own tissue outside of your body and use
  it for later repair
• Burn victims use skin grafts
• OR implant Growth Factors that tells cells where
  to grow
• OR planting a scaffold seeded with your own stem
  cells into the body.

• Grass grows back, starfish arms grow back, why
  not your amputated arm?

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What areas of life science have been affected by
T.E.?

• Medical field
• Geriatrics
• Therapies
• Anatomy
• Cell science
• Genetics
• Evolution
• Botany?
• Agriculture
• CAD/ engineering
• Pharmaceuticals
• Physics

Why evolution?
because this is technology that could
dramatically increase human life span
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applications

• Tissue replacement for
• Disease
• Trauma
• Congenital problems
• Battlefield wounds
• Transplantation
• Improve performance

Stephen Hawking Builds Robotic Exoskeleton, from
the onion
How much would you pay for a super star athletes
body? Lances heart, Tysons teeth,
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Times hottest jobs of the future

• Tissue engineers
• Gene programmers
• Pharmers
• Frankenfood monitors
• Data miners
• May 22nd 2000

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Current therapies
Speaking of Allo Tasmanian Devils have been hit
by whats called an allograft transmissible
cancer, Devil Facial Tumor Disease

• Autograft very personal recycling
• Unless you run out of yourself to graft
• Rejection isnt a problem
• Allografting
• Allo different
• From another member of same species
• Most common
• Skin, corneas, heart, liver, kidney, bone

Very weird cancer spreadable by touch
Very Lethal
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Current therapies

• 3. Xenografting
• Taking tissue from another species
• Easy supply, but ethical considerations,
  rejection
• Started in 60s with chimp kidneys
• Potential for disease spreading, a pigs immune to
  somethings, but we are not
• Lance Armstrongs dog has a heart valve made of
  bovine tissue
• Hes a winner

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Current therapies

• 4. Man made stuff
• Artificial hearts, valves, hips, and breast
  implants.
• Problems wear tear, need for replacement, not
  organically versatile.
• Depends on how you view the speed of technology.

Predict where the next number will be. What is
this a graph of?
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T.E. will surpass these therapies

• Grow tissues outside the body for later
  implantation
• Like skin
• Implanting devices that induce the regeneration
  of tissue
• Like a trellis for ivy to grow up
• Get your growth factor on
• Stem Cell therapies
• Goal Cheaper better.
• Dare I say it? CHANGE THE WORLD

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So think for a minute

• What areas of life science, besides medical, or
  technology have been affected by T.E.
• Agriculture, Biophysics, biomaterials, computer
  modeling

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Cells T.E.s raw materials

• Basic unit, but rarely autonomous
• Too much specialization
• use E.C. matrix
• Grouped together tissues
• Histology Study of tissues

To figure out how to restore/ replicate tissue
youve got to understand its origin
development.
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• 1998 Geron corp. figures out how to extend
  telomeres.
• We lose a little telomere every time a cell
  divides.
• Part of aging process
• Telomerase extends them
• Hayflick limit cells in culture divide 50
  times, towards the end they show signs of aging
• Prevents cancer

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Immortal cell lines

• Lobsters grow during the course of their whole
  life. (biggest 45 s, but size does not age)
• Theories exist that hydra show no signs of aging
• The human liver can regenerate from as little as
  25
• MRL mouse regenerates holes punched in ears
  without scarring.

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Regeneration in mammals

• The human liver can regenerate from as little as
  25
• Little kids can grow back everything on their
  fingertip before the first knuckle
• MRL mouse regenerates holes punched in ears
  without scarring.

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Tissue origins

• Embryonic cells present molecules on their
  membranes that aid in the early organizing
  process
• Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

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4 types of tissue

• Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
• Theyve all got an E.C. Matrix (ECM) around them.
• Whether soft as in blood, to hard as in bone
• Big question How do the cells know what to
  become, how do they know to stay that way?
• What about you, how did you know where to fit in
  in high school, did you stay fitting in there?

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• Remember every somatic cell has the set of
  instructions for every protein in your body.
• Cells throw growth factors back and forth turning
  genes on and off.
• Some cells are too specialized, and cant go
  back. A problem, but also useful.
• Dont want your CNS cells getting the wrong idea

Your body works through extraordinary teamwork
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• A cell that is able to differentiate into many
  cell types is known as pluripotent
• Cant grow into a totally new indiv. Because they
  dont make extraembryonic structures like
  placenta
• A cell that is able to differentiate into all
  cell types is known as totipotent.
• Can go full on into a new indiv. They can make a
  placenta
• Amazing plants are way easier to find
  totipotent cells in

Beast boy can turn into any animal
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Youve got stem cells in you right now

• Note Progenitor cells a term like stem cells,
  but less restrictive
• Adults have stem cells in blood marrow.
• Theyre multipotent, but not pluripotent
• Might have suffered ravages of time, sunlight,
  and toxins, that come with aging
• There are also stem cells in umbilical cords
• Embryonic stem cells controversy

Bo is like a pluripotent athlete.
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• Hot research area harvest embryonic stem cells
  without destroying the embryo.

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Short form Know the argument

• Proponents
• Theyre from embryos that are slated for
  destruction anyway
• Great potential for good
• Superman was for it
• Only for embryoes that were
• going to be discarded
• Opponents
• Destroys embryos
• Devalues worth of human

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Proponents Argument in depth

• Embryonic stem cells are more useful
• Utilitarian
• The benefits of stem cell research outweigh the
  cost in terms of embryonic "life
• human potential vs humanity
• The value of an embryo should not be placed on
  par with the value of a child or adult
• Life starts with a heartbeat
• Ends justify the means
• Efficiency
• If an embryo is going to be destroyed anyway,
  isn't it more efficient to make practical use of
  it?
• In Vitro Fertilization makes thousands of
  unusable embryos

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Opponents arguments in depth

• Embryos are lives
• Life starts at conception
• Note Roe v. Wade said life viability, ability
  to survive outside of womb, medical advancements
  have pushed this back to 22 weeks. Could trend
  continue?
• Exploring alternative therapeutic options
• Weve studied adult stem cells longer and have
  more therapies with them that with embryonic
• The potential is overstated

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Legally

• In the U.S.
• Clinton would have been okay for studying embryos
  left over from in vitro, but in the end the law
  was no research that results in destruction of
  embryo.
• Bush said, its okay to study the cell lines that
  already exist, just no destroying embryos.
• THIS IS JUST GOVERNMENT MONEY. Private research
  is whatever dude.
• Lately congress has been pushing to get for
  studying embryos.

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Whos where?

• Legal
• Sweden, Finland, Belgium, Greece, the United
  Kingdom, Denmark, and the Netherlands
• China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan
• Israel, Iran

• Illegal
• Germany, Austria, Ireland, Italy, and Portugal.
• Most of middle east
• Africa, except S. Africa
• S. America, except Brazil

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Bone T.E.

• We are full on in the middle of the bone and
  joint decade.
• Quick show of hands, whose broken a bone?
• Mayans were putting in shells where teeth fell
  out, more than 1K years ago.
• Bone likes to grow onto titanium, which lasts a
  long time.

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Scaffolds

• Allow cell attachment and migration
• Deliver and retain cells and biochemical factors
• Enable diffusion of vital cell nutrients and
  expressed products
• Exert certain mechanical and biological
  influences to modify the behavior of the cell
  phase
• Need a certain porosity, biodegradability,

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• This animation of a rotating Carbon nanotube
  shows its 3D structure. Carbon nanotubes are
  among the numerous candidates for tissue
  engineering scaffolds since they are
  biocompatible, resistant to biodegredation and
  can be functionalized with biomolecules.

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• Questions how to get the Growth hormones and
  cells to the scaffold in the right conc. At the
  right times.
• Note this mouse didnt grow the ear, a scaffold
  was placed in it, and the cells grew around the
  scaffold.

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A Heart valve grown in a dish
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Bioreactors

• Systems that support biologically active
  environment
• Device for growing cells
• Lots of variables to control
• NASAs designing one to see if microgravity is a
  better environment to grow tissuespeople never
  get off this waiting list.

This lab-grown blood vessel developed in the
bioreactor just as it would in the body
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Cloning

• A clone is a copy of something.
• Computers that mimic IBMs are called clones.
• In genetics, a clone is a genetic copy of another
  organism.
• Clones occur naturally
• Asexual breeding in plants lower animals
• Identical twins (triplets) in higher animals

Lohan clones
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History  of Cloning

• For centuries it has been known that simple
  animals worms starfish can be cloned by
  cutting them in half.
• This doesnt work for higher animals!
• Part of the problem is cell specialization
• Nerve
• Bone
• Muscle, etc.

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Cloning in the  20th Century

• We now realize that each specialized cell has all
  the genetic information, but much of it is turned
  off.
• Problem how to reset the program so this
  information is usable?
• Cloning of frogs successful in 1950s
• Cloning of livestock from fetal cells in 1970s

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Dolly - 1996 

• Clone from an adult sheep cell by Scots
  researchers under Ian Wilmut
• Had only one success in 300 tries.
• Dolly grew to maturity, and successfully had a
  lamb by natural means in 1998.
• But Dolly seems to be prematurely old.

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Cloning since Dolly 

• Cloning of this sort has now been done on cattle,
  pigs and mice also.
• The success rate has improved considerably.
• Cloning humans begins to show up in science
  fiction in 1970s.
• This is now a realistic possibility.

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Advantages of Cloning 

• With an adult plant or animal, the breeder knows
  what its traits are this is not the case with
  fetal cell cloning.
• Cloning allows making a genetically identical
  copy of the desired plant or animal.

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Concerns re/ Cloning 

• The success rate from adult animal cells is still
  rather low.
• This would be unacceptable for cloning humans in
  most societies.
• The evidence suggests that the clones which
  survive are still not right.
• The genetic program has probably not been
  completely reset.
• We still dont understand what we are doing in
  cloning from adult cells.

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T.E. is interdisciplinary

• Science is highly specialized
• A biophysicist, pharmacist, and a orthopedist
  dont really speak the same language.