Module 7 Water Resources

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Module 7Water Resources

• BCN 1582
• International Sustainable Development

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Water Resources

• ...As the common denominator in virtually every
  ecosystem, water resources serve as the
  cornerstone of human society and sustainment...
• Problem
• Regional water demands exceeding hydrologic
  regeneration

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Water Resources

• Cause
• Regional population growth and over development
• Climatic and hydrogeologic forces
• Effect
• Increasing water resource overdraft and
  withdrawal
• Increasing waste discharge and resource
  contamination

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Water Resources in Florida

• Use of potable water in Florida increased a
  factor of 6 in the last 90 years with 25 of the
  increase occurring in the last 25 years

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Hydrologic Cycle
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Entry Points for Aquifer Contamination
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Hydrologic Cycle

• Approximately 500 billion gallons per day
  withdrawn from surface and underground (aquifer)
  reservoirs worldwide
• Drinking and food preparation (potable)
• Cleaning and washing (potable)
• Irrigation (non-potable)
• Waste removal (non-potable)
• Industrial processes (either)

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Water Quality
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Eutrophication

• Eutrophication is the process of becoming better
  nourished either naturally or artificially.
• Humans speed up this natural process by releasing
  nutrients, particularly phosphorus, into rivers
  and lakes through municipal and industrial
  effluent and through increased soil erosion by
  poor land use practices.
• Eventually, a lake has high nutrient
  concentrations and dense growths of aquatic weeds
  and algae.
• These plants die and decompose causing depletion
  of dissolved oxygen in the water.
• This process often results in fish kills and
  changes in a lake's fish species.

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Algae Bloom, Lake Okeechobee
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Building Hydrologic Cycle
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Use of Water in Buildings

• Water Supply Systems
• From the storage reservoirs, water is pumped to a
  water treatment plant.
• Water is strained and filtered to remove solids,
  aerated to remove dissolved gases and then
  disinfected with chlorine.
• Water towers store pumped water from treatment
  plants and produce the gravity pressure needed to
  force water through water mains.
• Syn. With a human blood circulatory system

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Use of Water in Buildings

• Water treatment plants
• GRU 40 million gallons per day (MGD)
• Supply Wells
• GRU 13 supply wells to aquifer
• Storage
• GRU 19.5MGD
• Distribution Mains
• GRU 5 - 750HP pumps pressurizing 898 miles of
  mains (? 8)

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Use of Water in Buildings
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Use of Water in Buildings

• Fuel oil at power plant 150,000Btu/gal
• _at_35 generation efficiency 52,500Btu
• 52,500Btu/3,413Btu/kW 15kW
• 10 line loss 13.5kW
• _at_ 80 pump efficiency 10.8kW net output
• 5 x 750HP pumps 3,750HP
• _at_ 0.746HP/kW 5,030kW
• 5,030kW/10.8kW 465gal of fuel oil/hour
• 4 million gallons fuel oil per year
• 900,000lbs of air emissions

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Watergy

• Distribution Watergy
• Approximately 480kW base load
• Approximately 12,000kWh per day average energy
  consumption
• Approximately 0.5-1.0 kWh per 1000 gallons
  potable water distributed
• Approximately 2.5-4.0 kWh per 1000 gallons
  potable water distributed
• Approximately 12.0-15.0kWh per mile of
  distribution (system average)

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Watergy
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Use of Water in Buildings

• For every 1ft in elevation, water head pressure
  increases 0.433 pounds per square inch (psi) as a
  result of gravity

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Use of Water in Buildings

• Backflow Prevention
• Double check-valve assembly

• Meters
• High Low Flow Meter Configuration

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Use of Water In Buildings
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Use of Water in Buildings

• Wastewater Systems
• Wastes leaving the building are gravity fed by
  a sanitary lateral to a gravity main.
• Wastes travel in gravity mains to the treatment
  plant or to a lift station, where wastes are
  moved up-hill to another gravity main or directly
  to the treatment plant.
• As wastes move closer to the treatment plant and
  combine with wastes from other buildings, the
  number of mains decreases but size increases a
  2x increase in diameter results in a 4x increase
  in flow (?r2)

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Use of Water in Buildings

• Wastewater treatment plants
• GRU 17.5 million gallons per day (MGD)
• Gravity Mains
• GRU 485 miles
• Force Mains
• GRU 117 miles
• Lift Stations
• GRU 142

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Use of Water in Buildings

• Municipal System
• Sewage is first directed to settling tanks, where
  solids precipitate to the bottom. Followed by
  biological treatment, in which microorganisms
  digest remaining organic material in the water.
• The water is then filtered, disinfected with
  chlorine and discharged to surface waters or
  infiltration basins. The residual solid waste is
  often processed as agricultural fertilizer
  (miligoranite)

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Use of Water in Buildings
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Use of Water in Buildings

• Septic system
• Solids settle to the bottom of a septic tank and
  organics are consumed by microorganisms. As the
  tank fills, the effluent flows out of the tank
  through porous drain pipes that distribute the
  water into the soil. The water is filtered
  through thick layers of soil and rock on its
  return to the aquifer.

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Use of Water in Buildings
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Use of Water in Buildings

• In most commercial buildings 75 or more of all
  potable water used serves toiletry fixtures

(Commercial)
(Residential)
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Sustainable Water Alternatives

• Low-flow fixtures
• Rainwater harvesting
• Grey water recycling (on-site reclamation of
  water from potable fixtures)
• Reclaimed water (municipal treated wastewater
  or black water)
• Low-use landscaping

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Sustainable Water Alternatives

• ... water to waste ratio in a conventional water
  closet is nearly 801...
• Reduce
• Water consumption in residential environments can
  be reduced between 19 - 44 using low-flow
  fixtures
• Low volume toilets reduce water use 50 or more
  per flush
• Aerated shower and lavatory fixtures reduce flow
  rates from 4.5gpm to 1.5gpm or less
• Pressure relief valves reduce water pressures
  from 80psi to 35-40psi
• Passive irrigation techniques and Xeriscapingtm
  reduce water use a further 15-40

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Water Conserving Fixtures

• Incinerating
• Ultra-low flow
• Pressure-assisted
• Composting
• Waterless urinals
• Double-tank

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Waterless Urinals
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Rainwater Harvesting

• Catchment area (Roof)
• Conveyance System (Gutters, downspouts)
• Filtration (Roof wash, chemical)
• Storage (Cistern)
• Distribution (Gravity vs. pumps)

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Rainwater Harvesting
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Catchment Area

• Evaporative absorption Losses
• Metal roofing (-0)
• Concrete asphalt (-10)
• Built up tar and gravel roofing (-15)
• Runoff
• Asphalt materials
• Zinc and lead
• Treated wood and lead
• Detritus

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Cisterns

• Plastics
• Steel
• Masonry
• Ferrocement
• Stone
• Monolithic concrete
• Wood

• Flexible/degradable
• Flexible/corrosion
• Durable/ maintenance
• Durable/cracking
• Durable/maintenance
• Durable/cracking
• Durable/expensive

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Gray Water
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Sustainable Water Alternatives
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Sustainable Water Alternatives

• ...34-90 of all potable water used in most
  residential and commercial structures is used by
  non-potable fixtures...
• Reclaimed Water (treated wastewater)
• Irrigation
• Toilet and urinal flushing
• Mechanical make-up and trap priming
• Fire suppression
• Ornamental and aesthetic impoundments
• Wetlands restoration
• Indirect groundwater and aquifer recharge

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Living Machine
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Constructed Wetlands
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Sustainable Water Alternatives

• ... the economics and reliability of protecting
  the user from accidental access, contact, or
  ingestion from non-potable reuse
• Maximum obtainable separation distances
• Pressure differentials
• Air-gap separations and cross-connections
• Back-flow prevention devices
• Color coding and material differentiation
• Identifications and warning signatures
• Aesthetic reuse water dyes