Lorenzo Galbiati

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Integrated modeling approach for diffuse
pollution management The Burana-Po di Volano
watershed

• Lorenzo Galbiati
• JRC-Institute for Environment and Sustainability
• Rural, Water and Ecosystem Resources
• lorenzo.galbiati_at_jrc.it

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BURANA-PO DI VOLANO and SACCA DI GORO

• Particularly important because
• Intensively cultivated,
• The nutrients applied within the watershed
  quickly move from the basin to the coastal zone,
• The Sacca di Goro lagoon is of a great importance
  both for ecological and economical reasons,
• This watershed allows the evaluation and
  application of tool for the Integrated River
  Basin Management Plan.

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• Burana-Po di Volano (BP-V) watershed is covering
  an area of around 3000 km2.
• It is a complex system, especially for what
  concerning the river network
• Artificial channels
• Water is moved using pumps
• Direction of water in many channels is opposite
  respect with to the slope.

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Objectives of the application

• Evaluate the interaction between the agricultural
  activities and the watershed,
• Evaluate how the channels outflow from the
  watershed affects the water quality in the Sacca
  di Goro,
• Apply the model for
• climate scenarios,
• Variation of the water quality derived in the
  system for irrigational purposes,
• Link the model with multi-objectives optimization
  criteria in order to make evaluation, both on
  economical and ecological aspects.

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DEFINITON OF THE MODEL TOOL ISSm (Integrated
Surface and Subsurface model).

• SWAT 2000 (Soil and Water Assessment Tool, Arnold
  J., et al., Blackland Research Centre, 2000)
• ModFlow 2000 (Harbaugh, A.W., et al., U.S.
  Geological Survey, 2000)

• Mt3Dms (Zheng and Wang, et al., U.S. Geological
  Survey, 1999)
• Qual2E (Lienfield, C., et al, U.S., Environmental
  Protection Agency, 1987)

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Water percolation and nutrients leaching
STEP 2
Bi-directional water and nutrients exchange
between aquifer and river network
STEP 3
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INPUT for ISSm (Integrated Surface and Subsurface
model).

• Daily precipitation and max/min temperature,
• grids maps about soil, landuse and digital
  elevation model,
• Data about the management of water within the
  basin, description of the channels and water
  pumps, amount of water derived for irrigational
  purposes,
• Description of the soil types,
• Time series of water flow and measured data about
  the water quality along the channel network to be
  used in the calibration of the model,
• Soil water content and diluted nutrients,
• Crop rotation, crop management operation
  schedules,
• Time series about the groundwater table trends.

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APPLICATION of ISSm to the B-PV
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The Consorzio di Bonifica I Circondario (CB-1C),

• Il CB-1C covers an area of around 900 km2,
• Intensively drained by rivers and artificial
  channels (around 1500 Km of channels extension),
• Parts of the channels (400 Km) have draining
  purposes, another part have irrigational purposes
  (350 Km), the remaining part have a mixed use
  (800 Km).

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Hydraulic boundaries condition
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Digital Elevation Model
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Soil distribution and characteristics
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Landuse and management practices
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Channels network description and location of
measured station
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• Each of the sub-basin in the CB-1C has been
  divided in areas characterized by
• unique soil/landuse combinations,
• Water pumps to whom the channels discharge.

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The groundwater table has been characterized
using a 90 m cell size grid. The boundaries
condition and the hydrogeological properties have
been then defined on this base.
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Water percolation to the shallow aquifer
1992-1999
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Groundwater trends 1999-2001
E0.713
E0.668
E0.693
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Water flow at the system outlets Collettore
Acque alte Collettore Acque Basse 1991-2001
E 0.813
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Water flow at the system outlets Romanina
1991-2001
E 0.707
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Water flow at the system outlets Bonello
1991-2001
E 0.799
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Exchange flow between channels and groundwater,
Romanina sub-watershed 1991-2001.
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Nutrients loads to the Sacca di Goro lagoon,
1991-1998
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Conclusion on the application of ISSm and some
example of its use for RBMP

• ISSm allows an evaluation, both for quantity and
  quality, of the nutrients loads draining into the
  Sacca di Goro,

The 10 years simulations for the 1991-2001 period
gave good results, therefore

• ISSm could be used to evaluate scenarios on
  climate change / crop change / nutrients loads
  from the Po River,
• Use the OUTPUT produced by ISSm as INPUT for the
  3D hydrodynamics model applied in the Sacca di
  Goro, with the aims to have an integrated tool
  for watershed management,
• Use ISSm coupled with multi-objectives
  optimization tools in the context of River Basin
  Management Plan.

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Example 1 Crop change scenarios fertilizer
application rate 15 decreased
Decreasing the application of fertilizer by 15,
the average percolation in 10 year decreases
about 16-20, while the crop production decreases
by about 7.
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Example 2. Use of ISSm as a tool to take decision
at watershed level
1. We know the crop types distribution in the
area.
2. We have information on the management
practices for the different crop types.
3. We have statistical information on the
cultivation costs and the market prices of the
different crop types.
We can apply ISSm coupled with multi-objectives
optimization tools to built a PARETO-FRONT of
optimal decisions.
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Example 2. Use of ISSm as a tool to take decision
at watershed level
1. The crop types widely common in the area
DURUM WHEAT, SPRING WHAET, MAIS, SUGAR BEAT,
SUNFLOWERS, SOYBEAN, ROTATION GRASS, ALFA-ALFA,
ORCHARD and FRUITS.
2. ISSm is coupled with a crop DB which allows to
estimate the fertilizer and irrigation
application as affected by meteorological
characteristics.
3. ISSm is able to run a set of 10-years
simulation calculating the crop production in the
area, and the nutrients percolation from through
the soil profile.
The model can evaluate all the combination of
CROP PRODUCTION, PROFIT, NITRATE AND PHOSPHORUS
PERCOLATION, giving as results a PARETO FRONT
where the PRODUCTION and PROFIT are Maximized,
while the NUTRIENTS PERCOLATION is Minimized.
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