Systems Theory, Nursing Theory and the Future

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Systems Theory, Nursing Theory and the Future

• NURS 2221
• L. D. Andrews

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General Systems Theory

• An organized unit
• set of components that interact and affect each
  other
• acts as a whole because of the interdependence

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Open System

• Free movement of information, matter or energy
  into and out of the system
• boundaries/control
• dynamic equilibrium

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Closed System

• Prevents free movement into and out of system
• system static and unchanging

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Nursing Application

• Client is an open system
• nursing process system
• employment system
• professional system

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Systems Theory

• Input
• any type of information, energy, or material that
  enters the system
• Output
• any type of information, energy, or material that
  exits the system
• End product
• type of output that is not reusable as input

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Systems Theory

• Throughput
• process that allows input to be changed so that
  it is useful to the system

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Feedback Loop

• Allows the system to monitor internal functioning
  to either restrict or increase input and output
• positive feedback leads to change within the
  system, goal to improve the system
• negative feedback maintains stability and does
  not produce change
• feedback loops are very important

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Major Nursing Theories

• Roy - Adaptation Model
• Orem - Self-care Model
• King - Model of Goal Attainment
• Watson - Model of Human Caring
• Johnson - Behavioral System Model