SPORT AFTER 1800

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SPORT AFTER 1800

• The main thrust of the industrial revolution
  started in the middle of the C18th and continued
  through the C19th. During this time, the
  population shift to the towns and cities that was
  triggered off by industrialisation, saw England
  move from being an Agricultural economy to an
  Industrial one. The changes were not only
  economic, the structure of society also changed
  which influenced recreational patterns across the
  classes.

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• With the move to the Towns, the pattern of
  recreation for the Labouring classes changed
  drastically, but it was some time before this new
  change was addressed.
• The delay in the development of any meaningful
  infrastructure meant that for some time there was
  a certain amount of social disorder.

THE URBAN REVOLUTIONS
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THE PACE OF INDUSTRIAL CHANGE

• At first many working class people refused to be
  denied their leisure activities they had enjoyed
  before. The institution of a day of recreation
  known as Saint Monday appeared.
• With the exception of the large textile areas of
  Northern England, where steam power took hold
  quite early, much of industrial Development took
  place in small workshops.Many workers were paid
  by the piece- doing piece work as it became
  widely known.
• They took the day off- often on Mondays- to
  attend the Prize fights, baiting contests, race
  meetings and pedestrian races held in the
  locality- just as they always had.

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• To make up their pay, they simply worked harder
  towards the end of the week.
• Eventually steam power became widespread and
  workers were then harnessed by the factory
  whistle for 60 or more hours per week.
• As the towns grew, the former recreation spaces
  disappeared to make way for factories, workshops
  and cheap housing.
• Municipal parks or private pleasure gardens were
  often strategically placed to provide a screen
  between slums areas and more genteel ones,
  allowing the middle classes pleasant walks.

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SOCIAL CHANGES

• Eventually the lower classes lost the two most
  valuable recreational assets they had enjoyed in
  Rural Villages- Time and Space.

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• Throughout this study of the history of sport, it
  is important to consider the sports discussed in
  the context of the society that played and was
  entertained by them.
• Think also of why the society played the sport,
  how it was developed, popularised, codified and
  transmitted to other cultures

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What the Victorians did for us- Intro to new
Sports rules.
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• CONSIDER THESE ASPECTS-
• What is the nature of the sport?
• Why a sport is played?
• How the sport developed?
• How was it popularised?
• How was it transmitted to other cultures?
• How and why was it codified?
• How did it reflect society?
• Where/How does it reflect society today?
• What part did it play in society?

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EXAMPLES of Sports

• Ø   Bull running
• Ø    Dog cock fighting
• Ø    Hunting
• Ø    Fishing
• Ø    Wrestling Boxing
• Ø    Pigeon Shooting (Clay)
• Ø    Horse Racing
• Ø    Mob football
• Ø    Archery
• Ø    Tennis
• Ø    Hockey
• Ø    Eton wall games
• Ø    Fives
• Ø    Rugby

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TRADITIONAL GAMES

• Court Games
• Real tennis (played only by the wealthy)
• Mob activities
• Before the influence of public schools in the
  19th C invasion games such as mob football were
  largely raucous and were often surrounded by
  drinking and gambling

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mob games had no clear game pattern compared
with today
1 They had simple rules.Why did this work? 2
They still had a sense of Battle Excitement.
What is this?
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3 There is a loose distinction between players
and spectators. Discuss. 4 What is the balance
between physical force and skill? 5 Regional
variations in rules, playing area and objectives
was a necessary freedom we can not afford
today.Discuss. 6 Group identity dominated in
the old days. Reasons?
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MOB STICK GAMES

• Can you pick out the characteristics of these
  games.
• The first picture is the Annual Mob Hockey game
  at Lutterworth in Leicestershire
• The second picture is Shinty played at Blackheath
  in London

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• In addition, the attitude of the new middle
  classes to leisure activities was very different
  from that associated with Merrie England.
• Their lives were based on serious purpose, the
  creation of capital wealth and good Christian
  living.
• To this end, recreations had to be seen as
  constructive and worthwhile in order to be
  acceptable.
• These terms became implicitly associated with the
  term recreation.

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MASS TRANSPORT

• The development of the railways in the 1840s and
  of cheap fares had considerable benefits for the
  ordinary worker.
• An escape to the countryside or the seaside
  became possible.

• The mountains and the seaside resort, both the
  domains of the middle and upper classes, had now
  become accessible to ordinary workers and their
  families.

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THE EFFECTS OF TRANSPORT ON SPORT

• Reliable forms of mass transport also had an
  influence on the development of sport.
• Regular fixtures became possible over greater
  distances.
• The growth of popular literature and greater
  literacy meant that information about events
  could be spread much more effectively
• Organisations such as the YMCA (founded in 1844)
  and later its sister organisation for young
  women, the YWCA (founded in 1859) played a
  crucial role in broadening access to sport

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• Branches in the larger cities provided gymnasium
  facilities for their members.They also had a
  range of recreational sections devoted to
  activities as diverse as rambling and football,
  cricket and photography.

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• The nature of sport, controlled by the new middle
  classes, became codified (standardised into
  rules).
• It also embodied the principles of fair play and
  Christian endeavour espoused in the countrys
  PUBLIC SCHOOLS.
• With the gaining of the Saturday half day and
  shorter working hours that resulted from the
  factories act of 1867 and the industrial
  relations act of 1871, it gradually became
  possible for ordinary working men to return to
  their former recreations.
• These sports were,of course, much changed by the
  new middle class guardians of morality.

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THE INFLUENCE OF THE CHURCH

• In towns many recreations were either banned or
  severely curtailed through the zealousness of
  church men. They were seen to go against
  constraining social values of the church.Those
  that survived were either adapted or went
  underground.
• As a result , unruly and riotous behaviour was
  removed from view. Consequently the back room or
  cellar of the ale house became the place where
  people could spend their leisure time in the way
  they chose to.

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• Attitudes varied locally and people would wander
  from parish to parish to find less restrictions.
• Church wakes originally for commemorating the
  consecration of the church were stopped because
  hey had become more recreational than religious.
• Many of these festivals attracted less desirable
  social elements such as gambling, drinking,
  prostitution.

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• Bear baiting, Dog fighting, cock fighting and rat
  catching survived because they were more easily
  hidden from prying eyes.
• These types of sport did not just belong to the
  labouring classes. Local newspapers often
  reported on illegal cock fights with comments
  such as and among those arrested were captains,
  gentlemen and country magistrates.
• Public drunkenness was frown upon indeed
  penalised.
• Church attendance on Sundays was necessary in
  order to gain social acceptability.
• The new forms of sports had not yet arrived and
  recreation had become the preserve of those that
  had money, time and space.

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• CURTAILMENT SUPPRESSION
• Research and discuss attempts made to curtail
  suppress popular recreations
• Church/Puritans
• Crown
• War preparation

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Summary of Sport after 1800

• Movement from rural to urban
• Delay in the development of an infrastructure
  meant there was a certain amount of social
  disorder.
• Monday became a day to take off saint Monday
  many workers were paid by piece work Lou days.
• Steam power became more widespread workers had to
  do 60 hrs a week.

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• Towns grew, recreational space was lost
• Parks gardens placed between slum areas
  (greenbelt) allowed middle class areas for
  pleasant walks.
• Ironically these were closed on Sundays the
  only day labouring classes were free from work.
• Sport needed to adapt to a new urban society
• Long working hours 6-day weeks, little time or
  energy for sport
• The inn was the centre of recreation
• Middle and upper classes didnt want leisure to
  extend to the lower classes
• Traditional activities such as cricket horse
  racing manages to adapt and modernise its sport
  fairly well.

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• People higher up the social ladder have more
  access, money, time.
• Better attitudes towards sport and its benefits,
  health, character building
• Used to certain sports through their schooling
• Unemployed loads of time no money etc

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• Middle Upper Class Sports 
• Hunting, Polo, Field Sports, Golf, Croquet
• Middle Class Sports
• Rugby Union, Racket sports, hockey
• Working Class Sports
• Rugby League, Darts, Fishing, Snooker
• Some sports cross all boundaries Football,
  cricket

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Social Change

• The lower classes lost time space
• Recreation now had to be seen as constructive
  worthwhile in order to be acceptable.
• MASS TRANSPORT- The development of the railway
  and cheap fares meant that the lower classes
  could escape to the countryside the seaside-
  much to the annoyance of the gentry.

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Effects of transport on sport

• Regular fixtures became possible
• Information about events could be spread
• YMCA (1844) YWCA(1859)
• Played a crucial role in broadening access to
  sport.
• They provided gymnasiums access to rambling,
  football photography

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Sports development

• Sports are developmental
• They come from
• - CONQUEST e.g. Colonialisation
• OR
• - SOCIAL HIERARCHY
• e.g. gentry

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WHAT IS DEVELOPING IN THE FOLLOWING 4 PICTURES?
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TENNIS
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CRICKET
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