Challenger%20expedition%201872-1876

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Challenger expedition 1872-1876
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Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Hopkins Marine Station, Stanford
Scripps Institute of Oceanography
Friday Harbor Labs, Washington
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Submersibles
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• R/V FLIP, floating instrument platform

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Scientific Method

• What?
• Why?
• How?

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Inductive approach from specific observations to
the general
Deductive approach use general principles in
predicting specific outcomes
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Ocean Basin Geography
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Interconnected World Ocean system
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How did we get these ocean basins?

• Continental drift
• all the continents had once been joined in a
  single supercontinent called Pangaea
• Plate tectonics
• Sea floor spreading

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Mid Ocean Ridge

• Continuous chain of submarine volcanic mountains
  encircling the globe
• Largest geological feature on earth
• Is not static slips and slides

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Sea floor spreading

• As ridges separate, molten mantle rises up
  through rift

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Moving plates
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Collisions

• Creates trenches or subduction zones
• Earthquakes volcanos
• Less dense continental crust floats on top lasts
  forever
• Form volcanic islands

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Kilauea, Hawaii