Plans in the UK

1
PROTON DRIVERPROSPECTS IN EUROPE

• Introduction
• Plans in the UK
• CERN plans
• Other EU-supported linac-based driver studies
• Final words

2

• INTRODUCTION

3
Large proton accelerators in Europefor the next
decade

• UK is actively supporting accelerator studies and
  developments aiming both at the upgrade of the
  ISIS facility and at a UK neutrino factory.
• Germany is launching the FAIR project of a
  multi-purpose large scale facility at GSI.
• Low energy (lt1 GeV) and 100 duty cycle
  linac-based proton drivers are studied for the
  next generation ISOL-type RIB facility in Europe
  (EURISOL) and for Accelerator driven systems
  (XADS).
• Physics committees are investigating the domains
  where CERN could be involved
• The SPSC (SPS and fixed target experiments
  Committee) had a workshop in September 2004,
• The INTC (ISOLDE and nToF experiments Committee)
  will meet in October 2005.
• The LHCC (LHC experiments Committee) and the SPC
  will also give a message.
• Accelerator developments at CERN are motivated by
  these recommendations under the constraints of
  the available resources
• The European Union (FP6) is supporting joint
  efforts (e.g. CARE, DIRAC, EURISOL).

H n n
H RIBs pbars
H (lt1GeV) heavier ions n RIBs
H RIBs m n
4

• PLANS IN THE UK

5
Neutrino factory-related accelerator activities
UK Context (courtesy C. Prior) 1/4
6
UK baseline scheme for a Neutrino factory
UK Context (courtesy C. Prior) 2/4
7
RAL proton driver design
UK Context (courtesy C. Prior) 3/4
8
RAL 180 MeV H- linac (F. Gerigk)
UK Context (courtesy C. Prior) 4/4
9
RAL Front-End Test Stand
On-going developments (C. Prior) 1/14
10
FETS lay-out
On-going developments (C. Prior) 2/14
11
H- ion source (D. Faircloth ISIS)
On-going developments (C. Prior) 3/14
12
LEBT (J.J. Back Univ. of Warwick)
On-going developments (C. Prior) 4/14
13
ESS chopper scheme
On-going developments (C. Prior) 5/14
14
FETS chopping scheme
On-going developments (C. Prior) 6/14
15
FETS buncher cavities (F. Gerigk)
On-going developments (C. Prior) 7/14
16
Fast beam chopper (M. Clarke-Gayther)
On-going developments (C. Prior) 8/14
17
Tracking results (G. Bellodi)
On-going developments (C. Prior) 9/14
18
FETS diagnostics
On-going developments (C. Prior) 10/14
19
ISIS machine physics programme (G. Bellodi)
On-going developments (C. Prior) 11/14
20
E-cloud simulation codes
On-going developments (C. Prior) 12/14
21
ISIS experimental programmes
On-going developments (C. Prior) 13/14
22
Summary and plans
On-going developments (C. Prior) 14/14
23

• CERN PLANS

24
CERN seven-point strategy
R. Aymars talk to the Council December 2004

1. Completion of the LHC project on schedule.
2. Consolidation of existing infrastructure at CERN
   to guarantee reliable operation of the LHC.
3. An examination of a possible future experimental
   programme apart from the LHC.
4. A role for CERN in the growing coordination of
   research in Europe.
5. The construction of a linear accelerator
   injector at CERN to provide more intense beams
   for the LHC.
6. An accelerated RD effort towards CLIC, CERNs
   novel new accelerator technology, which could
   open the way to much higher energies than are
   available today.
7. A comprehensive review of CERNs long-term
   activity to be available by 2010, when results
   from the LHC will have given a first description
   of the particle physics landscape for years to
   come.

CERN Context 1/6
25
Events in 2005

• Publication of SPSC Villarss report
• Request for special contributions to accelerate
  CTF/CLIC (first CERN priority for accelerator
  RD)
• Support in the negotiation for additional
  resources from non-member states about Linac4
  (India China)
• Annoucement of a special INTC meeting (NuPAC
  Geneva, Oct. 2005) about the needs of ISOLDE and
  nToF for the next decade Þ new set of
  recommendations
• Creation of two working groups (POFPA Physics
  Opportunities with Future Proton Accelerators
  and PAF Proton Accelerators of the Future) to
  analyze scenarios and contribute to the
  definition of a baseline scheme for 2010

CERN Context 2/6
26
SPSC (Villars) recommendations p.63
? Future neutrino facilities offer great promise
for fundamental discoveries (such as CP
violation) in neutrino physics, and a post-LHC
construction window may exist for a facility to
be sited at CERN. ? CERN should arrange a budget
and personnel to enhance its participation in
further developing the physics case and the
technologies necessary for the realization of
such facilities. This would allow CERN to play a
significant role in such projects wherever they
are sited. ? A high-power proton driver is a
main building block of future projects, and is
therefore required. ? Alone, a direct superbeam
from a 2.2 GeV SPL does not appear to be the most
attractive option for a future CERN neutrino
experiment as it does not produce a significant
advance on T2K. ? We welcome the effort, partly
funded by the EU, concerned with the conceptual
design of a ß-beam. At the same time CERN should
support the European neutrino factory initiative
in its conceptual design.
CERN Context 3/6
-gt
27
PAF Mandate (1/2)
CERN Context 4/6
28
PAF Mandate (2/2)
CERN Context 5/6
29
POFPA and PAF operating mode
PHYSICS PROPOSALS
SPC
SPSC
INTC
LHCC
LHC upgrade (CARE-H3 CARE-NED)
CERN COUNCIL
CERN DIRECTION
POFPA -gt
Linac developments (CARE-HIPPI Linac study)
CERN Context 6/6
PAF
Neutrino (CARE-BENE EURISOL-DS)
RIB (EURISOL-DS IUSG)

• R. D. requests
• Baseline scheme
• Staging

Study Team(s)
Accelerators upgrade (HIP projects)
30
Contributors

• SPL Study
• B. Autin, E. Benedico Mora, A. Blondel,
  K. Bongardt (KFZ Juelich), O. Brunner, L. Bruno,
  F. Caspers, E. Cennini, E. Chiaveri, S. Claudet,
  H. Frischholz, R. Garoby, F. Gerigk (RAL),
  K. Hanke, H. Haseroth, C. Hill, I. Hoffman (GSI),
  J. Inigo-Golfin, M. Jimenez, M. Hori (Tokyo
  Univ.), D. Kuchler, M. Lindroos, A. Lombardi,
  R. Losito, R. Nunes, M. Magistris, A. Millich,
  T. Otto, M. Pasini, M. Paoluzzi, J. Pedersen,
  M. Poehler, H. Ravn, A. Rohlev, C. Rossi,
  R.D. Ryne (LANL), M. Sanmarti, E. Sargsyan,
  H. Schönauer, M. Silari, T. Steiner,
  J. Tuckmantel, D. Valuch, H. Vinckle, A. Vital,
  M. Vretenar
• IPHI-SPL COLLABORATION
• CEA (DSM/DAPNIA _at_ Saclay) CNRS (IN2P3 _at_ Orsay
  Grenoble)
• HIPPI JRA (inside CARE, supported by the European
  Union)
• CEA (F), CERN (CH), Frankfurt University (D), GSI
  (D), INFN-Milano (I), IN2P3 (F), RAL (GB),
• KFZ Juelich (D)
• ISTC projects 2875, 2888 and 2889
• BINP (Novosibirsk), IHEP (Protvino), IHEP
  (Moscow), VNIIEF (Sarov), VNIITF (Snezinsk)

Proton Linacs developments 1/12
31
References web-site

• Present characteristics (Conceptual Design Report
  1)
• are optimized for a neutrino factory
• assume the use of LEP cavities klystrons up to
  the highest energy
• Update is planned (CDR 2)
• based on updated physics requests
• using 704 MHz RF and bulk Niobium cavities
• in collaboration with CEA-Saclay INFN-Milano
• to be published in 2005
• Up-to-date information is available
• on the CERN EDMS
• on the SPL site http//project-spl.web.cern.ch/pr
  oject-spl/

Proton Linacs developments 2/12
32
SPL - CDR2 baseline

• RF
• 704 MHz bulk Niobium cavities
• 3 families of cavities beta 0.5,0.85,1.0
• gradients 15, 18, 30 MV/m
• 5, 6 and 7 cells per cavity

Proton Linacs developments 3/12

• Cold (2K) quadrupoles in the cryomodules,
  independently aligned from the cavities (to
  minimize cold/warm transitions and maximize real
  estate gradient).
• Cryomodules of maximum length (between 10 and 15
  m), containing n cavities and (n1) quadrupoles.
  Diagnostics, steering etc. between cryomodules.
• Length of the cavities limited by fabrication
  and handling considerations. Proposed number of
  cells per cavity is therefore 5, 6 and 7 for the
  three sections.
• 2 MW max power /coupler
• Standardisation of the design after 2 GeV

33
SPL - CDR2 parameters
Ion species H-
Kinetic energy 3.5 GeV
Mean current during the pulse 40 (30 ?) mA
Mean beam power 4 MW
Pulse repetition rate 50 Hz
Pulse duration 0.57 (0.76 ?) ms
Bunch frequency 352.2 MHz
Duty cycle during the pulse 62 (5/8)
rms transverse emittances 0.4 p mm mrad
Longitudinal rms emittance 0.3 p deg MeV
Proton Linacs developments 4/12
34
SPL

• Main goals
• increase the performance of the CERN high energy
  accelerators (PS, SPS LHC)
• address the needs of future experiments with
  neutrinos and radio-active ion beams

Proton Linacs developments 5/12
The present RD programme concentrates on
low-energy (Linac4) items, wherever possible in
collaboration with other laboratories.
35
Linac4
New injector for the CERN booster synchrotron, to
improve the beam delivered to the LHC, ease
operation, reach the ultimate luminosity, and
increase the flux to ISOLDE.
-gt
Proton Linacs developments 6/12
ISTC 2875
IPHI
ISTC 2888 2889
HIPPI
-gt
ISTC 2875
Linac4 (90m) will be located in an existing
experimental hall and will extensively re-use LEP
RF equipment (klystrons etc.).
36
IPHI-CERN collaboration
Partners CEA (DSM/DAPNIA _at_ Saclay) CNRS (IN2P3
_at_ Orsay Grenoble)
Main goal construction of the 3 MeV high duty
factor IPHI RFQ to be delivered at the end of 2007
Proton Linacs developments 7/12
Complete RFQ (6 x 1m sections)
37
IPHI-CERN collaboration
Cu vane (section 2) ready for final machining
Proton Linacs developments 8/12
38
ISTC project 2875

• BINP (Novosibirsk) VNIITF (Snezinsk)
• Development of the technological basis for serial
  production of CCDTL structures in the energy
  range of 40-100 MeV for the SPL project.
• Feasibility study of effective application of
  normal conducting SCL structures up to the energy
  of 150-180 MeV.

Proton Linacs developments 9/12

• Cost k 550
• Starting date July 2004
• Prototype of CCDTL structure to be delivered at
  CERN for high power testing by mid-2006.
• Technological model of SCL structure to be tested
  in 2006.

39
ISTC project 2888

• ITEP (Moscow) VNIIEF (Sarov)
• Development of the technological basis for
  construction of Alvarez-type structures for the
  room-temperature part of the CERN SPL.

Proton Linacs developments 10/12
Alvarez tank

• Cost k 460
• Approval date February 2005
• Prototype of the first DTL tank (3-10 MeV) to be
  delivered at CERN for high power testing by the
  end of 2006
• One drift tube complete with Permanent Magnet
  Quadrupole (PMQ) included in DTL prototype.

40
ISTC project 2889

• IHEP (Protvino) VNIIEF (Sarov)
• Design and manufacture of DTL-RFQ focusing and
  accelerating structure prototype for a 3-40 MeV
  H- linac of the SPL project

Proton Linacs developments 11/12
Modular design (Sarov)
Cold model (Protvino)

• Cost k 477
• Approval date February 2005
• Prototype of RFQ-DTL structure to be delivered at
  CERN for high power by the end of 2006.

41
Other contributions in negotiation

• China (IHEP Beijing) -gt
• 1 x 352 MHz buncher
• Linac4 quadrupoles ( 55)
• Linac4-PSB transfer line magnets ( 25 quads 8
  dipoles)
• Beam instrumentation ?
• Joint study of H- source H- injection in
  synchrotron ?
• India (BARC-Bombay CAT-Indore)
• Pulsed power supplies for LEP klystrons
• Manpower for commissioning the 3 MeV test place
• Manpower for commissioning Linac4
• Controls software ?
• Visiting scientists

Proton Linacs developments 12/12
42
Planning
RF tests in SM 18 of prototype structures for
Linac4
Quotes from R. Aymar (Jan.2005)
3 MeV test place ready
SPL approval in 2009-2010, to review and
redefine the strategy for CERN activities in the
next decade 2011-2020 in the light of the first
results from LHC and of progress and results from
the previous actions.
Linac4 approval in 2006-2007, to decide on
the implementation of the Linac 4 and any
increased RD programme, depending on new funds
made available and on a new HR policy
CDR 2
43

• OTHER EU-SUPPORTED
• LINAC-BASED
• DRIVER STUDIES

44
Nuclear Physics Applications

• Strong demand to establish in Europe a
  Radioactive Ion Beam (RIB) laboratory, with
  intensities 3 orders of magnitude higher than
  existing facilities, for nuclear physics and
  solid state physics, biophysics, nuclear
  astrophysics, etc.
• 2 parallel programmes in-flight at GSI, ISOL in
  a new laboratory.
• Ideal driver
• - high-intensity 1-2 GeV proton linac
  - operating
  in 2 modes 100 kW for ISOL target
  few MW beam power for fission products
  from spallation - CW or pulsed at ?50 Hz.

45
The EURISOL Design Study

• Large collaboration present already in 5th FP of
  EU
• Design Study approved by the EU in the 6th FP
• CW, NC 5 MeV Front-end, 352 MHz SC Intermediate,
  704 MHz SC
• Individual resonators for protons low mass ions

46
Neutron Production Applications

• Superconducting linacs are the preferred sources
  of protons to produce intense fluxes of neutrons
  for
• basic science and condensed matter studies,
• driving subcritical reactors and burn nuclear
  waste and possibly generate electricity
  (Accelerator Driven Systems)

47
European Spallation Source

• 2003 decision on construction delayed by 4-5
  years.
• Refinement of technological layout, with 2 new
  features
• 1120 MHz SC section from 400 MeV
• novel chopper/collector, required for the dual
  operation mode (short and long pulse, 5 MW each)

48
XADS
Accelerator group in the EU ADS Study has
investigated the characteristics of transmutation
driver for 600 MeV, 6 mA, lt5 trips/year. Conclusio
ns CW SC linacs preferred to cyclotrons
(reliability, upgradeability). Reference layout
double front-end, SC from few MeV, CH
structure. Integrated Project EUROTRANS now
submitted to EU, reliability demonstrators.
Seek funding for construction in next FP (2008)
49

• FINAL WORDS

50

• Studies are going-on for the two main types of
  proton drivers for neutrinos (Linacs /
  synchrotrons). Linacs benefit from the support of
  two other E.U. programmes due to multiple
  potential applications.
• Work and resources are logically focused on the
  lowest energy, with some duplication, although
  the EU-supported HIPPI Joint Research Activity
  is improving the picture.
• SC technology still has potential to improve,
  both in performance and cost. It will benefit
  from ILC developments.
• Selection of the optimum parameters of the proton
  beam depends upon a global optimization including
  muon capture and front-end.
• Host-site specificities will strongly influence
  the choice.

51

• THANK YOU !

52

• ANNEX

53
POFPA Mandate (1/3)
lt-

• Mandate of a Working Group on
• Physics Opportunities with Future Proton
  Accelerators (POFPA)
• In preparation for the strategic decisions
  foreseen to be taken in 2006 and 2010 concerning
  future facilities at CERN, in liaison with the
  Inter-Departmental Working Group on Proton
  Accelerators for the Future (PAF), and in
  parallel with the RD and physics studies on CLIC
  for a possible Lepton Facility, a working group
  aiming at the definition of the physics
  opportunities that could be provided by the
  possible development and upgrade of the present
  Proton Accelerator Complex is mandated below. The
  working group is composed of a convener, and
  about seven other members, most of whom will be
  drawn from the Physics Department, and will be
  accompanied by experts from other Departments and
  representatives of interested communities of
  scientific users. The group may create working
  teams on specific physics topics, in cases where
  existing studies need to be supplemented. The
  group reports to the DG its findings will be
  discussed in the Executive Board.

54
POFPA Mandate (2/3)
lt-

• The study will be based on the Fixed Target
  Physics programme recommended recently by the
  SPSC at its Villars workshop (CERN SPSC
  -2005-010), and is a natural extension of the
  previous analyses of physics opportunities with
  an upgrade of the LHC luminosity (hep-ph/0204087,
  published in Eur. Phys. J. C39, 293,2005) and of
  opportunities in neutrino, muon and kaon physics
  with a high-intensity proton driver made by the
  ECFA/CERN Study Group (CERN-2004-002,
  ECFA/04/230). Its scope is widened to include
  also opportunities in nuclear physics, based on
  the programme that will be recommended by the
  INTC at its future Villars workshop in
  September 2005, in consultation with the EURISOL
  community. Close liaison with the PAF Working
  Group will be assured by the conveners of PAF and
  POFPA, who will nominate one member of each
  Working Group to attend the meetings of the other
  Working Group.

55
POFPA Mandate (3/3)
lt-

• Assess the likely physics objectives of LHC
  upgrades and non-collider experiments from 2010
  onwards, taking into account the likely
  objectives of other physics laboratories.
• Analyse the capabilities of the various
  development and upgrade options of the overall
  CERN proton complex discussed by PAF to address
  these physics objectives, for each option and
  physics programme separately.
• Identify any detector RD that would be needed if
  these experimental objectives are to be realized.
• Identify synergies of RD with other CERN studies
  and projects, as well as with activities outside
  CERN.
• Report to the DG preliminary results from the
  above studies before the end of 2005. Subsequent
  discussions in the Executive Board should be
  helpful to define a priority orientation.
• Define a preferred scenario together with a
  suggested implementation schedule, staged in
  time, and provide a preliminary estimate of the
  necessary resources (budget, man-power and
  expertise) needed to carry out the corresponding
  experiments. A further presentation is expected
  by mid 2006 as an input for the critical
  decisions by the management in 2006 on a possible
  LINAC4. The preferred scenario will initially be
  rather tentative and will ultimately be
  formulated, around 2010, using the findings of
  this working group and taking into account the
  global status of high-energy physics plans and
  projects.

56
lt- 3 MeV test place
In construction. To be operational in 2007. (RFQ
from France,3 MeV chopping line from CERN).
The 3 MeV test stand will become the front-end of
Linac4 and SPL
57
lt-

• Main Objectives
• Research and Development of the technology for
  high intensity pulsed proton linear accelerators
  up to an energy of 200 MeV. Aimed at the
  improvement of existing facilities (E.U. request)
  at GSI, RAL and CERN.
• Means
• Coordinated efforts of 9 laboratories RAL,
  CEA(Saclay), CERN, FZJ, GSI, Frankfurt
  University, INFN-Milano, IPN(Orsay),
  LPSC(Grenoble) investing
• 11.1 MEuro 3.6 MEuro (E.U.) over 5 years (2004
  2008)
• History Status
• Autumn 2002 creation of ESGARD and
  recommendation to propose to the E.U. an
  Integrated Activity about R. D. for
  accelerators in the frame of the F.P. 6
• Winter 2002/2003 preparation of a proposal
• April 2003 HIPPI proposal submitted to the E.U.,
  as a J.R.A. inside the CARE I.A.
• August 2003 publication of E.U.s reviewers
  conclusion
• Þ approval of HIPPI at 90 of the financial
  request
• November 2003 reformulation of CARE to adapt to
  the allocated budget and comply with detailed
  (and fluctuating !) E.U. requirements
• 19 till 21, November 2003 public announcement
  finalization of the planning and work
  organization (CARE kick off meeting)
• January 2004 official start

58
lt-
59
lt-
WP2 Normal Conducting Accelerating Structures

• Development of cold models and some prototypes of
  NC RF structures for acceleration up to an energy
  of 100 MeV,
• Prepare comparative assessment with respect to SC
  solutions

CCDTL CEA, LPSC,CERN
DTL Alvarez CEA, LPSC,CERN
SCL LPSC,CERN
CH IAP-FU
Objective comparative assessment in terms of
shunt impedance (goal ZT2 gt 40 MW/m) and cost,
in the energy range 3-100 MeV
60
lt-
WP3 Superconducting Accelerating Structures

• Characterization of SC RF structures for use in a
  pulsed linac.
• Investigation of different type of structures
  prepare for comparative assessment
• Realization of a high power 704 MHz RF test place
  with cryogenic infrastructure

Multi-cell elliptical (medium/high beta) CEA,
INFN
Spoke (low beta) FZJ, Orsay
CH (low/medium beta) IAP-FU
Objectives gradient gt 7 MV/m with Q gt 1010 in
the energy range 100-200 MeV, at a construction
cost comparable to normal-conducting structures
development of efficient superconducting
structures down to beam energies around 5 MeV
availability of a 704 MHz high power RF test
place for SC cavities.
61
lt-
WP4 Beam chopping

• Design chopping line, including choppers, driver
  sand dump.
• Build and test prototypes (with beam in the case
  of CERN).
• Compare solutions

Broad band kickers CERN
Separate fast/slow kickers RAL
Objectives switching time smaller than the
distance between bunches at 352 MHz (about 2 ns)
chopper-line design minimizing emittance growth.
62
lt-

• Successful first 18 months of operation.
• Technical work progressing as planned.
• Communication
• 5 Web-sites e.g.HIPPI at http//mgt-hippi.web.ce
  rn.ch/mgt-hippi/
• HIPPI04 at http//hippi04.web.cern.ch/hippi04
  /index.htm
• gt 20 publications .
• Busy agenda with a workshop for each work package
  HIPPI04 (Frankfurt October 2004) Visible
  participation in international events (EPAC04,
  LINAC04, multi-MW workshop).
• Tedious efforts to comply with Brussels
  administrative procedure. Cumbersome preparation
  of the first yearly report

63
HIP WG long term alternatives
lt-
Present accelerator Replacement accelerator Improvement INTEREST FOR INTEREST FOR INTEREST FOR INTEREST FOR
Present accelerator Replacement accelerator Improvement LHC upgrade n physics beyond CNGS RIB beyond ISOLDE Physics with k and m
Linac2 Linac4 50 160 MeV H H- 0 (if alone) 0 (if alone) 0 (if alone)
PSB 2.2 GeV RCS for HEP 1.4 2.2 GeV 10 250 kW 0 (if alone) 0 (if alone)
PSB 2.2 GeV/mMW RCS 1.4 2.2 GeV 0.01 4 MW (super-beam, b-beam ?, n factory) (too short beam pulse) 0 (if alone)
PSB 2.2 GeV/50 Hz SPL 1.4 2.2 GeV 0.01 4 MW (super-beam, b-beam, n factory) 0 (if alone)
PS SC PS/ for HEP 26 50 GeV Intensity x 2 0 (if alone) 0
PS 5 Hz RCS/ 26 50 GeV 0.1 4 MW (n factory) 0
SPS 1 TeV SC SPS/ 0.45 1 TeV Intensity x 2 ? 0
with brightness x2
need new injector(s)
64
Possible subjects of collaboration with China (1)
lt-
352 MHz buncher
Beam Kinetic Energy 3 MeV RF Frequency 352.2
MHz Chamber diameter 30. mm Length 176 mm Inner
cavity diameter 490 mm Q value
(computed) 23613 Transit time factor 0.581 Shunt
impedance 3.91 M? R/Q 27.88 ? Nominal
voltage 140 KV Peak dissipation 16.0 KW Duty
cycle 14 Average dissipation 2.3 KW Peak
electric field 25.4 MV/m
65
Possible subjects of collaboration with China (2)
lt-
Quadrupole magnets for Linac4
Outer Diameter (mm) Aperture Diameter (mm) Effective Length (mm) Max Mechanical Length (mm) Gmax (T/m) Duty Factor
240 32 100 200 12-15 14
Total number of quadrupoles for the CCDTL
section 30. Additional quadrupoles for the
SCL section (same lengths but slightly lower
maximum diameter and gradient of about 20 T/m)
25
Quadrupole magnets for the transfer line Linac4 -
PSB
Aperture Diameter (mm) Effective Length (mm) Max Mechanical Length (mm) Gmax (T/m) Duty Factor
35 150 300 5 1
Total number of quadrupoles for the transfer
line 25.