Early eighteenth Century Music in Italy and France

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Chapter 12

• Early eighteenth Century Music in Italy and France

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Antonio Vivaldi (1678-1741)

• il prete rosso - The Red Priest
• Girls orphanage in Venice
• Pio Ospedale della Pietà

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Vivaldi - his music

• 49 commissioned operas
• 500 concertos
• 90 solo and trio sonatas
• vocal music
• cantatas, motets, and oratorios
• influence on J. S. Bach

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Vivaldi - Concertos

• two-thirds are solo concerti
• most solo concerti are for violin
• remainder for cello, flute, or bassoon

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Vivaldi - Concertos form

• Three movements
• 1. Fast - ritornello form
• 2. Slow - same or closely related key
• 3. Fast - ritornello

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Concerto Grosso Op 3, No. 2, RV578

• NAWM 76
• concertino has two violins and cello
• Ritornello form
• ABC S1 BC S2 ABC S3 BC S4 Coda

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The Four Seasons

• four concerti for solo violin and orchestra
• programmatic

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Jean-Philippe Rameau (1683-1764)

• Foremost Fench musician of 18th century
• Traité de lharmonie (Treatise on harmony) in
  1722
• chords and inversions
• Alexandre-Jean-Joseph Le Riche de la Pouplinière
• patron

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Rameau - music theory

• 1. the chord is the primal element in music
• 2. a chord maintains its identity in all
  inversions
• basse fondamentale or root progression

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Rameau - theory II

• 3. Triadic relationships - tonic, domininant,
  etc.
• 4. Hierarchial function of triads
• 5. Pivot chord modulation

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Hippolyte et Aricie

• by Rameau NAWM78
• Ah! faut-il
• tragédie lyrique
• monologue

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Rameau
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Johann Sebastian Bach

• 1685 to 1750
• Large Musical Family
• Studied by copying or arranging scores
• Vivaldi

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Bach - positions held

• Arnstadt, organist
• Muhlhausen, organist
• Weimar, Court organist and concertmaster
• Cothen, music director for the Prince
• Leipzig, Cantor at St. Thomas

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Bach - Arnstadt

• Organ music
• Trip to Lubeck to hear Buxtehude
• on briefly to Muhlhausen

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Bach - Weimar

• return of the apprentice
• combines Italian, French and German styles
• Organ Music
• Preludes and fugues

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Prelude and Fugue in A Minor

• Bach at Weimar
• Prelude
• violin figurations
• chains of suspensions
• Pedal Solo

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Prelude and Fugue in A Minor

• Fugue
• uses four voices in the
• Exposition
• violinistic subject

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Bach - Chorale Preludes

• 170
• Orgelbuchlein (Little Organ Book)
• Composed in Weimar

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Bach - Keyboard works

• The Well-Tempered Keyboard
• Cycle of preludes and fugues in all major and
  minor keys
• Goldberg Variations
• canons at increasing intervals
• A Musical Offering
• The Art of the Fugue

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Bach - Brandenburg

• Cothen
• dedicated to the Margrave at Brandenburg

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Brandenburg Concerti

• fast-slow-fast, three movements from Italian
  Concerto
• Allegro movements use ritornello form
• 3 6 are ripieno concertos
• all others are concerti grossi

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Bach at Leipzig

• St. Thomas Church and School

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Cantatas

• 300 of which 200 survive
• Pastor Erdmann Neumeister influenced Bach to
  include opera-like recitatives and arias

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Wachet auf, BWV 140

• NAWM 81
• Cantata based on Lutheran Chorale as cantus
  firmus
• Mvt. 1 uses Italian ritornello form
• French Overture orchestral style (dotted rhythms)

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Bach - other vocal works

• Motets - with German texts
• Magnificat
• Christmas Oratorio
• St. John Passion St. Matthew Passion
• Mass in B Minor (Compiled from earlier works)

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Post Bach

• Forkel - Bach Biographer
• Mendelssohn Zelter directed performances of the
  St. Matthew Passion

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George Frideric Handel (1685-1759)
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Handel - Life

• Halle, Germany
• Hamburg
• Italy
• Hanover, Germany
• London

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Handel - London

• Royal Academy of Music
• Italian Opera
• Oratorio
• for the middle-class
• Mostly in English
• Mostly Old Testament
• Concerti Sonatas

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Giulio Cesare

• Vadoro NAWM83
• Concerto Grosso format
• Concertino acc. Singing
• tutti punctuates

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English Oratorios

• Choruses comment on the action instead of the aria

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Messiah

• Overture
• Act I - Christmas
• Act II - Easter
• Act III - Pentecost

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Handel

• Buried in Westminster Abbey
• Note the wrong date on the grave marker.