MACROMOLECULES

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MACROMOLECULES
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CARBOHYDRATES

• Provides energy for cells
• Organic compounds composed of C H O
• Always ratio of 1C2H1O
• C6H12O6
• Monomer MONOSACCHARIDE

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MONOSACCHARIDE C6H12O6

• Simple sugar
• Glucose /main source of energy for cells
• Fructose sugar in fruit
• Galactose / milk sugar
• ISOMERS
• Have same molecular formula but
  different structural formula

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DISACCHARIDE C12H22O11

• Double sugar
• Formed by condensation reaction of glucose and
  fructose
• SUCROSE table sugar
• Maltose malt sugar
• Isomers

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POLYSACCHARIDE

• Composed of 3 or more monosaccharides
• Glycogen animal starch
• Stored in liver
• Starch / highly branched carbon chain
• Cellulose / straight carbon chain
• makes up plant cell walls
• Comprises 50 of wood

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PROTEINS

• Composed of C H O N
• Used to make cell structures (membrane)
  
• And to speed up chemical reactions
  (catalyst)

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Amino acid

• Monomer of protein
• Functional groups
• Carboxyl -COOH
• Amino group -NH2
• Radical group R group
• Differs with each amino acid

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PEPTIDE BOND

• Covalent bond formed between 2 amino acids during
  condensation reaction
• 2 amino acids join to form dipeptide

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POLYPEPTIDE

• One or more peptides (amino acids) joined
  together
• Very large molecule
• Protein structure determine how it will react

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Influences of protein structure change

• Temperature
• Type of solvent

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ENZYMES

• Monomer is amino acid
• Protein molecules that act as biological catalyst
• Speeds up a chemical reaction
• Catalyst p. 36
• Reduces the amount of activation energy needed to
  start a reaction

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ENZYMES

• Active site located on enzyme
• Fits shape of substrate
• Substance that enzyme acts upon

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3 characteristics of ENZYMES

• Are catalysts
• Are specific
• Lock and key model
• Enzyme acts as key
• Substrate is acted upon lock
• Are not used up (unchanged)

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Influences of Enzyme Reactions

• Temperature change
• pH change

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LIPIDS

• provides more energy to cells
• Used to build cell membranes
• Large nonpolar molecule
• Does NOT dissolve in water
• Composed of C H O
• Carbon to Hydrogen to Oxygen ratio is MUCH
  greater than 1C2H gtO

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LIPIDS

• Functional group
• Carboxyl -COOH
• Monomer is
• fatty acids and a glycerol
• Glycerol is an alcohol

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FATTY ACIDS

• three types
• Saturated
• Only single bonds between carbons
• Unsaturated
• Has one double bond between carbon atoms
• Polyunsaturated
• Has more than one double bond between carbon
  atoms

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Four classes of LIPIDS

• Triglycerides (fat)
• Solids at room temperature
• Animal fat
• Phospholipids
• Used to make cell membranes
• Waxes
• Form water proof coatings/layers

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STEROIDS

• Carbon rings with various functional
  groups attached
• Animal hormones
• Testosterone/ estrogen
• Cholesterol
• Needed for nerve/cell functions
• component of cell membrane
• May cause arteriosclerosis
• Hardening of the arteries

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NUCLEIC ACID

• Passes on heredity traits
• Directs protein synthesis
• 2 types
• DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid
• RNA Ribonucleic acid

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NUCLEOTIDE

• Monomer of nucleic acid
• Composed of 3
• Deoxyribose (sugar)
• phosphate group PO4
  (functional group)
• Nitrogenous base

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Five types of Nitrogenous bases

• Adenine DNA/RNA
• Thymine DNA only
• Guanine DNA/RNA
• Cytosine DNA/RNA
• Uracil RNA only