Energy, Biomass, and Other Abstract Ideas

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Energy, Biomass, and Other Abstract Ideas Ray
Miller, MSU MAESBill Cook, MSU Extension
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Coal, Natural Gas, Oil
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Heat, Electricity, Fuel
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Whats Driving the Energy Concern?
Instability Rising Costs Increased Energy
Demand Limited Supplies Environmental
Impacts Greenhouse Gas Emissions
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Energy Prices Are Increasing and Not Likely to
Go Down
Source DOE Energy Information Administration
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add bridge technology concept FFs ? ???? ?
sustainable ??? corn ethanol, natural gas,
clean coal tech, efficiency, conservation
Richards idea of demand side solutions, rather
than only supply side solutions (e.g. need to air
condition)
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Carbon
Carbon Quickie
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How much energy do we use?
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BTU as common denominator
Cubic FeetBoard FeetCubic MetersTons (short,
long, metric, green, dry, bone
dry)BarrelsGallonsCordsKwH, MwH, GwH
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Michigan uses the equivalent of 3.1 quadrillion
BTUs of energy 87 comes from FFs

• 3 solutions . . .
• use less energy
• use fewer FFs
• use more wood(and other renewables)

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MI Energy Sources
Michigan Energy Sources
How Its Used
Comm.
Industry
Resi-dential
Trans-portation
Electricity
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How Does Woody Biomass Fit Into This Picture?
Reduce Fossil Fuel Use Vigorous Forests Draw
More Carbon Help Rural Economies Use Local
Resources Keep More Money Local Its What We
Have!!
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Biomass lt 3 of State Total
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Re-assemble Chemicals to Form Ethanol, Oils, and
Other Valuable Products
Break Down the WoodThermo-chemicalMechanicalBio
logical
Begin With WoodMade of Chemicals

By-product uses
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How to Get the Energy?
The biochemical process Hydrolyze ferment ?
Fuels chemicals The thermo chemical
process Pyrolize reform ? Fuels
chemicals Burn wood more efficiently CHP
District Heating Systems
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How in the World Can We Replace Fossil Fuels?
We probably cant. We have to learn to use
less. And . . . use other sources where we can.
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Socolov
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Conservation
Non-renewable Energy
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Can we build a new energy economy?
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Technologies
Use Better Technology Huge energy losses in a
coal-burning plant 70 up the stack Transmission
line loss
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Newer ideas are CHP, better efficiencies,
transportation fuels, integrated operations
Hot Water Heat
Electricity
60-70 energy capture
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Newer ideas are CHP, better efficiencies,
transportation fuels, integrated operations
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Newer ideas are CHP, better efficiencies,
transportation fuels, integrated operations
EthanolOther alcohols?DMEEmerging
technologies
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Newer ideas are CHP, better efficiencies,
transportation fuels, integrated operations
Pulp
Paper
Chemicals?
Electricity
Heat
Fuels
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Integration with Existing Industry
Demand for paper wood products has been low and
will remain so for awhile Wood/biomass cost is
correlated with energy cost, so feedstock price
is increasing Profitability is squeezed from
both sides
Traditional forest products industry desperately
needs more revenue from higher value-added
products besides solid wood, pulp and paper
products. . .
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Demand Side Innovation
Lets cool a building - demand
Simply use more energy?
Building design orientation
Construction and insulation
Thermostat control
Multiple energy sources?
Use trees-landscaping for shade
Capital costs and payback time
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Biomass Pools
What Biomass Pools Does Michigan Have?
Crop Residue (9)
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What Biomass Pools Does Michigan Have?
Switchgrass on CRP Land (4)
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What Biomass Pools Does Michigan Have?
Slash (3)
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What Biomass Pools Does Michigan Have?
Unused Mill Residues (4)
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What Biomass Pools Does Michigan Have?
Urban Waste (3)
Michigan hasthe 8th largesthuman population
ofany state.
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What Biomass Pools Does Michigan Have?
Energy Plantations (16)
2 million acresof abandonedfarm landin Michigan
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What Biomass Pools Does Michigan Have?
Urban Waste (3)
Michigan hasthe 8th largestpopulation ofany
state.
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Sources of new lignocellulose
Forests
Possibly 40 million dry tons annually
Energy Ptns
Crop Res.
Switchgrass-CRP
MSW
Mill Res.
Slash
Estimations by R. Miller
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What Biomass Pools Does Michigan Have?
A MILLION CUBIC METERS OF WOOD(440,000 cords,
500,000 dry tons) Michigan grows 26 times this
much wood each year
50 million gallons ethanol Electricity for half
million homes 1/2 wood supply for Mascoma 80
of Weyerhaeuser mill 2 Grayling power plants
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Use More Wood How? Wood is what Michigan
has! Can also use wind, solar, corn, other
cellulosics, hydro, nuclear.
Wood is not a silver bullet, but its one of the
weapons in the energy independence arsenal and
especially appropriate for Michigan.
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Some Advantages of Wood

• Few inputs
• Available all seasons
• Low storage costs
• Less combustion residue (than ag)
• More natural systems (other outputs)
• Known heat electricity technology
• Local nearly everywhere
• Carbon issues, little soil C loss

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Curb Enthusiasm
Environmental and Availability Issues

• Wood comes from the forest.
• Loggers need economical access.
• The forest is an ecosystem with limits.
• Sustainable harvest needs to continue and many
  safeguards, policies, etc. are already in place.
• Need to look at the potential impacts of
  increased biomass removal from currently managed
  forests as well as currently under/non utilized
  forests.

Perhaps, we need to curb our enthusiasm?
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Some Challenges with Wood

• High transportation costs
• Competition with traditional industry
• Habitat impacts ( -)
• Nutrient limitations on some soils
• Harvest technology
• Supply chains poorly understood
• Inconsistent logging infrastructure
• Public attitude about harvesting
• Perception of smoke, truck traffic
• Liquid fuel conversion technology

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What Biomass Pools Does Michigan Have?
Wood Energy Plantations (16)
2 million acresof abandonedfarm landin Michigan
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Energy Plantation Establishment
Land Quality Availability
Species Clone Selection
Nursery Stock
Field Prep Planting
Competition Control
Growth for 3-5 years
Harvest Technology
Handling Transportation
Markets
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Energy Plantation Establishment
Hybrid Poplar and Willow
Cost compared to natural forests
Cost compared to annual crops
Dependability of supply
Proximity to a facility
Availability of assistance
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22 Primary Mfgrs49 Secondary Mfgrs90 Producers
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5 Primary Mfgrs9 Secondary Mfgrs59 Producers
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Whats In It for Loggers?

• Hard to tell.
• Move to whole-tree harvesting?
• Brokers to handle large volumes of wood for
  emerging industries?
• Find ways to economically add currently
  non-commercial species and material into a
  product mix.

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• Michigan has lots of wood, but how much is
  available and what cost?
• Threats to fiber supply
• high costs, global markets
• ownership parcelization
• owner reluctance to harvest
• land use changes
• Limits are primarily social economic, not
  biological or ecological

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Partial List of Current Projects NewPage-Chemrec P
ulp paper mills Major sawmills board
mills Mascoma-Frontier Renew. Res. Renewafuel-Clif
fs Vulcan Pellets LAnse Power Fuels for Schools
BURN-UP Paradise Briquettes White Pine
Power? NMU co-gen boiler? Escanaba power plant?

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Major Cellulosic Ethanol Efforts
Cent. MN
Mascoma
KL Energy
Colusa
Fulcrum
Poet
Lignol
Abengoa
Bluefire
RangeFuels
US EnviroFuels
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Major Cellulosic Ethanol Efforts
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Wood Pellet Plant Locations
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Walmart
In the United States we ask How can I buy the
biggest, shiniest, cheapest thing?(kilowatt, TV,
gasoline, T-shirt)
The result We shop at Wal-Mart for goods made
in China, and close our factories.
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The question might beHow can WE get the most
out of what we have?
The resultAdding value to local resources and
pay attention to consequences.
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Sweden
Lets Take a Lesson From Sweden

• 27 of total energy consumption from biomass,
  2006
• 1 TWh biofuel 250 - 300 new jobs (Michigan
  consumes 900 TWh / year)
• An increase with 80 TWh biofuel led to more than
  24,000 new jobs
• Manufacturing of equipment led to 8,000 jobs
• Export potential more jobs
• The society benefits income taxes, more jobs,
  more money remains internal, fewer fossil fuels
  consumed

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Much of Their Heat Electricity Are Derived
From Woody Biomass
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Bioenergy Percent of Total Energy Use in Sweden,
2005
Source Kjell Andersson
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Breakdown of Bioenergy Sources in Sweden,
1970-2006
TransportationPellets FirewoodBio District
Heat District Heat Bio Industrial Industry
Black Liquor
Source Kjell Andersson
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District Heating - Vadstena
6 MW boiler 2 MW condenser 33 GW each
winter 6,500 people 10 cents/KW
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Combined Heat Power PlantsEnköping
Built 1972 80 conversion efficiency 140 MW
1500 customers 50 miles of pipe 9-10 cents/KWh
to customer
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Electricity from heat and power production 2004
to 2009
Source Kjell Andersson
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Fuel Pellets - Neova
People not on gridExport 110,000
tons/year Spruce Pine mix 10 MW captured from
steam
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Transportation Fuels
The world has yet to see a commercial cellulosic
ethanol plant but its closer.
Linköping Biogas
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Upshots
Upshots?
Adapt
Be smart
Use what ya got
Keep your money local
Be part of the solution
Change is inevitable . . . survival is optional.
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On week days there is 115 pulpwood trucks per
day, Saturdays there is 30 pulpwood trucks per
day and on Sundays 7 per day. We only have
boiler fuel delivered thru the months of
September thru May and that averages is 14 per
day. -Sid Dye, Verso Papers, 20090202
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