How do we classify and group plants

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How do we classify and group plants?

• What are the major divisions?
• How are they grouped and classified?
• How do you use a plant identification key?

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Plant Taxonomy

• Nonvascular Plants- have small reduced leaves, no
  vascular tissue( veins) no true roots, and
  reproduce by spores or flagellated cells that
  travel through water.

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Vascular Plants- have true roots, stems, and
leaves with vascular tissue. Xylem- water and
minerals. Phloem- transports carbohydrates
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Plant Divisions

• nonvascular
• Bryophyta- mosses
• vascular
• seedless
• Lycophyta-club moss
  
• Pterophyta-Ferns
• seed plants
• Gymnosperms-naked seeds
• Angiosperms-flowering plants

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Gymnosperm Coniferophyta- needle or scale
leaf, cones ( conifer) Anthophyta or Angiosperm
Monocots- parallel veins, petals in 3s
Dicots- net veins, petals in 4s or 5s
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Bryotphytes

• Mosses

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Moses

• Non-vascular Plants- No tissues to carry water
• Spores used for reproduction
• No true roots, stem
• Reduced leaves

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Liverworts
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sporophyte
Mosses
gametophyte
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sporophyte
gametophyte
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In mosses the dominant stage of their life cycle
they only have half of their total chromosme
number.
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Spore Producing

• Spores are reproductive stages that have only
  half the chromosomes or genetic material.

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VASCULAR PLANTS
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Lycopodium, Lycophyta
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Pterophyta

• Ferns- reproduce with spores but have veins to
  carry water

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Gymnosperms

• Naked seeds or seeds produced in cones.

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Angiosperms or Anthophyta

• Flowering plants
• Seeds produced within a fleshy fruit with gametes
  borne within a flower.

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Antheridium
Archegonium
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Liliacea
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Taxonomy key\identification key

• You always have two choices in a description of
  the organisms characteristic
• Choose the correct choice and it takes you to a
  name or a number.

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dicot
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monocot
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Opposite Leaf arrangement
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Alternate leaf arrangement
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Botany

• Tissues, Organs, and Systems

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Vascular Tissue

• Xylem (wood)
• trachieds and vessel elements make up xylem. They
  are nonliving tubes with openings at the ends to
  carry water .

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Transport in Vascular Plants

• Water and minerals begin movement by osmosis.
• through root and root hair

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Transport in Plants cont.

• capillary action in xylem vessel element
• Adhesion-water vessel wall
• Cohesion- water to water

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• Transpiration- water moves out through stoma in
  the leaf.

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H2O
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Turgor
Loss of Turgor
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• Phloem carries carbohydrates
• sieve tube elements-- connected by sieve plates

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phloem
Vascular cambium
Summer Wood
Cork cambium
CORK
Spring wood
Phloem rays
Heart wood
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Vascular Tissue

• Xylem- wood, carries water
• Spring wood- larger openings smaller
  ring
• Summer wood more compact rigs are
  wider
• Phloem- carries sugar
• phloem rays carry back and forth

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Growth Tissue

• Vascular Cambium- grows new xylem to the inside
  and phloem to the outside
• Cork cambium- grows new cork to the outside
• BARK- is vascular cambium, phloem, cork cambium ,
  and cork

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xylem
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4 5
Cortex ( storage, support)
phloem
(7,8)
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Merristematic Regions

• Apical Bud
• Root Tips

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Apical Meristem
Leaf Primordia
Axillary Bud
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Roots
TAP
secondary
DIFFUSE
primary
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Germination

• Seeds begin to grow as a result of cell division
  using much oxygen
• seeds need warm temperatures, water, and oxygen
  to germinate but the seed supplies the food.

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hypocotyl
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Above the cotyledon
Embryonic Tissue
Below the cotyledon
Seed leaves of an embryo
Embryonic root
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maturation
merristematic
Elongation
cap
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Leaves- the main photosynthetic parts of a plant

• Types of
• Simple
• Compound
• Pinnate
• Palmate

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Leaf Cross Section

• Epidermis- prevents water loss protects from UV
  light
• Palisades- photosynthesis zone ( contains much
  chlorophyll)
• Mesophyll ( spongy layer)- storage of gases,
  water and sugar
• Veins contain xylem and phloem

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• Abscision layer- cuts base of leaf off during
  defoliation

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Stomate

• Stomate- leaf opening for gas exchange and water
  loss
• Guard Cells- control opening of stomate
• Stoma - opening

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Photosynthesis
CO2H2O light CnH2n0nO2
Light- measured as an absorption spectrum, the
wavelengths that are most important are
different for different types of autotrophs
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Photosyntheis

• Plant takes in carbon dioxide\
• Plant takes up water
• Plant produces sugars
• Plant gives off oxygen

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Margin (serrate)
petiole
Pinnate veins
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Simple Leaf with Entire Margin and Pinnate Veins
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Angiosperms or Anthophyta

• Flowering plants
• Seeds produced within a fleshy fruit with gametes
  borne within a flower.

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Perfect Flower
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STAMEN- male part of flower
Anther
Filament
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PISTIL or CARPEL
stigma
Pollen tube
style
Ovules within the ovary contain an embryo
ovary
Endosperm -food for development 3n
2n
3n
Zygote is 2n
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Composite Family
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Flower Structures

• Stamen- male floral part
• Anther- produces pollen ( n) haploid
• Filament- stalk that supports stamen

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Floral Parts

• Pistil- female floral part
• Style- stalk that supports stigma
• Stigma- sticky part attracts pollen
• Ovary- eggs develop and are fertilized to become
  seeds

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Plant Response to Light Photoperiodism LONG
DAY_ require 12 hr. daylight or more to
flower SHORT DAY-require less than 12 hr
daylight DAY NEUTRAL flower according to
maturity not light
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Plant Hormones

• Alter cell division
• Increase elongation
• Regulate gene activity

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Auxins
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Plant Auxin on Agar Block
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Auxin Mutants