Evolution

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Evolution

• Chapter 18

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Theory of Evolution

• Evolution change in the gene pool of a
  population in response to various stimuli
  exhibited by a species over time.
• Fossils have showed proof that life slowly
  changed or evolved over time.

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Charles Darwin (1809-1882)

• Considered to be the founder of modern
  evolutionary theory
• In 1831 (age 21), Darwin accepted a position on
  the Beagle to map and collect samples of
  organisms for 5 years around the world
• Birds, Rocks, Turtles, Plants, Fossils

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Fact/Theory

• Fact something that has been objectively
  verified, something having real, demonstrable
  existence.
• Tested, Proven, Tangible
• Theory the analysis of a set of facts in their
  relation to one another

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What facts do we have to support the theory of
evolution?

• Formation of the Earth
• - Age of the Earth 4.6 billion years old
• Formation of Simple Organic compuonds
• - Miller-Urey Experiment Life in a test tube
• Formation of Complex Organic Compounds
• Concentration Enclosure of Organic Compounds
• Fossils
• - Oldest Fossil is 3.5 billion years old
• - Carbon Dating, Fossil Record

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Earths Timeline

• First microscopic life (3.6 bya)
• First multicellular life (900 mya)
• First oxygen appears in atmosphere (1.9 bya)
• First land plants appear (450 mya)
• Formation of the Himalayas begins (30 mya)
• Formation of the Atlantic Ocean begins (150
  mya)

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http//sdnhm.org/fieldguide/fossils/timeline.html
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Natural Selection

• A mechanism for change in populations that occurs
  when organisms with favorable variations for a
  particular environment survive, reproduce, and
  pass these variations on to the next generations.
• Those that best adapted to the environment will
  survive and pass their genes on to the next
  generation.

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What leads to the change of organisms?

• Over Reproduction
• Carrying Capacity the of individuals a given
  area will hold
• Variation Among Species
• Some due to genetic changes called mutations
• Limited Resources
• Food, Shelter, Territory, Mates
• Competition
• Fast, Strong Smart, Hide, Bluff, Make Noise
• Reproductive Success
• Able to make offspring and pass their genes on to
  the next generation

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Before Charles Darwin

• 1. James Ussher 1760 - tried to determine the
  age of all living things.

• 2. Carolus Linnaeus 1778 - First to classify
  organisms by their physical relationships.

• 4. Erasmus Darwin- 1802 - Showed proof that
  organisms changed over time but didnt know how.

• 3. Comte de Buffon 1788 The earth is older
  than 6000 years. First to say humans and apes
  were related.

• Jean Baptist Larmark- 1801- Theory of Inheritance
  of Acquired Characteristics
• Change is made by what the organisms
  want or need and then is passed down to
  offspring.

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The Virus Bacteria

• Viruses
• Not considered alive
• They can only reproduce
• Only reproduce inside the Host Cell
• Attach only to specific cells based on the
  proteins in the cell membrane

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Virus Structure

• Made up of
• Nucleic Acids Containg either, DNA or RNA
• Capsid a protein coat that surrounds the
  genetic material

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Virus ReproductionThe Lysogenic Cycle
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Virus ReproductionThe Lytic Cycle

• Lytic Cycle
• Virus destroys the hosts DNA
• Takes about 90 minutes and produces about 200 new
  viruses

• Lysogentic Cycle
• Cycle where viruses can attack but not always
  kill a host cell
• Begins like the Lytic Cycle
• Can continue undetected for many years
• Can eventually enter the Lytic Cycle

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• Lysogentic Cycle explains why cold sores recur
• Also HIV, Influenza

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Bio-saftey Lab Levels

• Level 1
• Not contagious, usually water borne
• Ex. Lyme Disease
• Level 2
• Ex.Scarlet Fever
• Level 3
• Highly Infectious, usually air borne
• Ex Tuberculosis

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Bio-Safety Lab Levels

• Level 4
• Highly pathogenic
• Death likely, Air borne
• Ex. Rift Valley Fever- Mosquito
• Level 5
• Ex Anthrax

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The Bacteria

• Prokaryotic Cells
• Two Kingdoms
• Archaebacteria (3 types)
• Lives in Oxygen free environments
• High salt content
• Hot acidic waters
• Eubacteria

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Reproduction

• Transformation when a bacteria transfers a
  piece of its DNA into another bacteria creating a
  slightly different genotype and phenotype
• Conjugation when two bacteria form pile between
  one another transfer genetic material.

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Bacteria

• Shapes
• Sphere- coccus
• Rods- bacillus
• Spirals- sprillium

• Structures
• Capsule
• Cell Wall
• Plasma Membrane
• Pili
• DNA
• Flagella

Antibiotics only kill Bacteria!
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Hantavirus

• Found in the U.Sgt
• Spread by rodents through dropping or salvia.
• Upper respiratory disease.

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Hemorrhagic FeverEbola

• Found in Primates
• Animal-Borne Virus
• RNA virus
• Incubation 2-21 days
• Fever, headache, joint muscle pain rash red
  eyes Bleeding from all orifices.

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Ebola

• Transmission 1st patient comes in contact with
  the infected animal.
• Direct contact with blood and/or secretions.
• Ebola Reston airborne only in monkeys
• Hot zones Congo, Gabon, Sudan

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SARSSevere Acute Respiratory Syndrome

• Hot Zone- China, Toronto
• Symptoms Flu like- fever, headache, dry cough
• Transmission- Person to person contact,
  respiratory secretion
• Military action has been taken to keep virus
  controlled.

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Small Pox

• Spans 1,000s of years.
• 30 fatality rate
• 100 fatality rate in the flat hemorrhagic
  strains.
• Eradicated from the world
• Last U.S. case 1949
• World case -1977

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Small Pox Cont.

• Humans are the natural host.
• Spread by face to face contact. Also body
  fluids.
• Most Contagious during Early Rash continues till
  the last scab falls off.

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Small Pox

• Small Pox
• Feared to be used as a Biological Weapon
• Known vials Siberia, Atlanta
• Believe India, Pakistan, China, Israel, Iraq,
  North Korea, Iran, Cuba, Taiwan, Former
  Yugoslavia, France, Al-Qaeda, Aum Shinrikyo

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Small Pox Cont.

• Historical Facts
• The first urban Virus - arose 7,000 years ago in
  large cities. Why?
• Pharaoh Ramses V died of the pox
• Chinese worshiped the goddes of small pox named
  Tou Shen Niang-Niang
• India the goddess what Shitala Ma

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HIVHuman Immune Deficiency Virus

• Fastest Spreading disease in Africa
• Effects white blood cells. T-Cells
• T-cell count below 200 you have AIDS.
• Blood Transmission

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West Nile Virus

• Host Birds
• Spread through mosquitoes
• Fever, headache, and body aches, occasionally
  with skin rash and swollen lymph nodes.
• Rare encephalitis
• 1 of mosquitos carry the virus, 1 of those
  infected will die.

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Anthrax

• Direct contact
• Many different strains
• Found in lower vertebrates goats, sheep, cattle
• Three types
• Cutaneous skin death rare if treated
• Inhalation Cold-like fatal
• Gastrointestinal 25-60

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Flesh Eating Necrotizing Fasciitis

• Group A Streptococcus with a mutation.
• Reproduces rapidly
• Tissue must be removed.
• Patient must be put into a pressure chamber to
  reduce the spread.

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Bubonic Plague or Black Death

• Swollen lymph nodes (buboes, hence the name),
  high fever, and delirium.
• 90 Death Rate
• Killed 137 million people

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Bubonic Plague or Black Death
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Botulism E. Coli

• Botulism
• Muscle-paralyzing disease.
• Food-borne
• Anaerobic
• E. Coli
• 1,000 of strains
• Undercooked meat
• Sewage water
• Lives in intestines.